{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:45:07Z","timestamp":1771022707114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2017R1A4A1015559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A4A1015559"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Patt. Recogn. Artif. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Emotion recognition plays an indispensable role in human\u2013machine interaction system. The process includes finding interesting facial regions in images and classifying them into one of seven classes: angry, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, and surprise. Although many breakthroughs have been made in image classification, especially in facial expression recognition, this research area is still challenging in terms of wild sampling environment. In this paper, we used multi-level features in a convolutional neural network for facial expression recognition. Based on our observations, we introduced various network connections to improve the classification task. By combining the proposed network connections, our method achieved competitive results compared to state-of-the-art methods on the FER2013 dataset. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218001419400159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T04:48:52Z","timestamp":1545886132000},"page":"1940015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Facial Emotion Recognition Using an Ensemble of Multi-Level Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Hai-Duong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Soonja","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and ICT, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia"}]},{"given":"Guee-Sang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jeong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea"}]},{"given":"In-Seop","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Convergence Education Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218001419400159BIB001","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Int. 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