{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:46:19Z","timestamp":1772768779104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Patt. Recogn. Artif. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> With the rapid growth of image collections, image classification and annotation has been active areas of research with notable recent progress. Bag-of-Visual-Words (BoVW) model, which relies on building visual vocabulary, has been widely used in this area. Recently, attention has been shifted to the use of advanced architectures which are characterized by multi-level processing. Hierarchical Max-Pooling (HMAX) model has attracted a great deal of attention in image classification. To improve image classification and annotation, several approaches based on ontologies have been proposed. However, image classification and annotation remain a challenging problem due to many related issues like the problem of ambiguity between classes. This problem can affect the quality of both classification and annotation results. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based image classification and annotation approach. Our contributions consist of the following: (1) exploiting ontological relationships between classes during both image classification and annotation processes; (2) combining the outputs of hypernym\u2013hyponym classifiers to lead to a better discrimination between classes; and (3) annotating images by combining hypernym and hyponym classification results in order to improve image annotation and to reduce the ambiguous and inconsistent annotations. The aim is to improve image classification and annotation by using ontologies. Several strategies have been experimented, and the obtained results have shown that our proposal improves image classification and annotation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218001420400029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T06:07:16Z","timestamp":1575612436000},"page":"2040002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ontology-Based Image Classification and Annotation"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalila","family":"Filali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajer Baazaoui","family":"Zghal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIADI Laboratory, University of Manouba, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur\/I3S\/CNRS, Polytech Nice Sophia, Campus SophiaTech, Sophia-Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB001","first-page":"694","volume-title":"2015 23rd Iranian Conf. Electrical Engineering (ICEE)","author":"Abdollahpour Z.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB002","volume-title":"VISIGRAPP, 3th Int. Joint Conf. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications","author":"Al Chanti D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.08.188","volume":"96","author":"Allani O.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2014.6891820","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Int. Conf. Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE)","author":"Baazaoui-Zghal H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB005","first-page":"2431","volume-title":"Proc. 21st ACM Int. Conf. Information and Knowledge Management","author":"Bannour H.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"18","key":"S0218001420400029BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2041-z","volume":"74","author":"Besbes G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"S0218001420400029BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"Breiman L.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"3","key":"S0218001420400029BIB008","first-page":"273","volume":"20","author":"Cortes C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB009","first-page":"248","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2009","author":"Deng J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB010","first-page":"5957","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2017)","volume":"2","author":"Durand T.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1145\/3078971.3079042","volume-title":"Proc. 2017 ACM on Int. Conf. Multimedia Retrieval","author":"Dutt A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB012","first-page":"182","volume-title":"2017 21st Int. Conf. Information Visualisation (IV)","author":"Filali J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB013","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Int. Conf. Computer Vision Theory and Applications 2019 (VISAPP\u201919)","author":"Filali J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB014","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2013 9th Asian Control Conf. (ASCC)","author":"Gao H.","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S021800141859005X"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB016","first-page":"4075","volume-title":"Thirty-First AAAI Conf. Artificial Intelligence","author":"He X.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0218001420400029BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081813","volume":"9","author":"Hu X.","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB018","first-page":"1097","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB019","first-page":"231","volume-title":"14th Conf. Computer and Robot Vision (CRV)","author":"Lei J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB020","first-page":"123","volume":"9","author":"Li Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB021","first-page":"760","volume-title":"Proc. 14th ACM Int. Conf. Information and Knowledge Management","author":"Martinet J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB022","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Third Int. Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI\u201903)","author":"Martinet J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB023","first-page":"546","volume-title":"European Conf. Information Retrieval","author":"Martinet J.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"8","key":"S0218001420400029BIB024","first-page":"201","volume":"4","author":"Olszewska J. I.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICTA.2014.7005945","volume-title":"2014 Int. Conf. Advanced Informatics: Concept, Theory and Application (ICAICTA)","author":"Reshma I. A.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"S0218001420400029BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/14819","volume":"2","author":"Riesenhuber M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.Congress.2014.43","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Int. Congr. Big Data (BigData Congress)","author":"Rinaldi A. M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB028","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Ristin M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB029","first-page":"430","volume-title":"European Conf. Computer Vision","author":"Rosten E.","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"S0218001420400029BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.56","volume":"29","author":"Serre T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB031","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2017 Second Int. Conf. Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT)","author":"Singhal N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB032","first-page":"1470","volume-title":"9th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2003)","author":"Sivic J.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"S0218001420400029BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-012-0529-4","volume":"100","author":"Su Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB034","first-page":"2818","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Szegedy C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB035","first-page":"1261","volume-title":"2011 18th IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP)","author":"Theriault C.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"S0218001420400029BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2222900","volume":"22","author":"Theriault C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.10.013","volume":"38","author":"Wang C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB038","first-page":"2285","author":"Wang J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2016"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.05.022","volume":"40","author":"Wang R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001419540302"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB041","first-page":"3460","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Wu J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001420400029BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.051","volume":"218","author":"Zhang H.-Z.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0218001420400029","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T12:54:48Z","timestamp":1603457688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218001420400029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0218001420400029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218001420400029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-0014","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]}}}