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Unlike existing approaches, Ocean neither assigns the same distance to all pairs of categories, nor assigns arbitrary weights to matches and mismatches between categories that can lead to clustering errors. Ocean uses density ratios of adjacent regions in multidimensional space to detect the edges of the clusters. Ocean is robust against clusters of identical patterns. Unlike conventional approaches, Ocean neither makes any assumption regarding the data distribution within clusters, nor requires tuning of free parameters. Empirical evaluations demonstrate improved performance of Ocean over existing approaches. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218001421500178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T06:06:52Z","timestamp":1600754812000},"page":"2150017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OCEAN: A Non-Conventional Parameter Free Clustering Algorithm Using Relative Densities of Categories"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Iffat","family":"Gheyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Societies Institute, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218001421500178BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.846732"},{"key":"S0218001421500178BIB002","first-page":"180","volume":"3","author":"Bai Q.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. 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