{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T19:31:20Z","timestamp":1778527880597,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Patt. Recogn. Artif. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Fingerprints being the most widely employed biometric trait, due to their high acceptability and low sensing cost, have replaced the traditional methods of human authentication. Although, the deployment of these biometrics-based recognition systems is accelerating, they are still susceptible to spoofing attacks where an attacker presents a fake artifact generated from silicone, candle wax, gelatin, etc. To safeguard sensor modules from these attacks, there is a requirement of an anti-deception mechanism known as fingerprint spoof detectors (FSD) also known as anti-spoofing mechanisms. A lot of research work has been carried out to design fingerprint anti-spoofing techniques in the past decades and currently, it is oriented towards deep learning (DL)-based modeling. In the field of fingerprint anti-spoofing, since the 2014, the paradigm has shifted from manually crafted features to deep features engineering. Hence, in this study, we present a detailed analysis of the recent developments in DL based FSDs. Additionally, we provide a brief comparative study of standard evaluation protocols that include benchmark anti-spoofing datasets as well as performance evaluation metrics. Although significant progress has been witnessed in the field of DL-based FSDs, still challenges are manifold. Therefore, we investigated these techniques critically to list open research issues along with their viable remedies that may put forward a future direction for the research community. The majority of the research work reveals that deep feature extraction for fingerprint liveness detection demonstrates promising performance in the case of cross-sensor scenarios. Though convolution neural network (CNN) models extract deep-level features to improve the classification accuracy, their increased complexity and training overhead is a tradeoff between both the parameters. Furthermore, enhancing the performance of presentation attack detection (PAD) techniques in the cross-material scenario is still an open challenge for researchers. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218001422520292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T05:35:17Z","timestamp":1668576917000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leveraging Deep Learning to Fingerprint Spoof Detectors: Hitherto and Futuristic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samridhi","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181143, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Selwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181143, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181143, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCEE.2010.V2.172","volume":"2","author":"Abhyankar A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.03.032","volume":"147","author":"Agarwal S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113160","volume":"146","author":"Agarwal S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB005","first-page":"4089","volume":"34","author":"Agarwal D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB006","first-page":"100210","volume":"7","author":"Agarwala S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mach. Learn. Appl."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102039","volume":"61","author":"Alshdadi A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2006.879289","volume":"1","author":"Antonelli A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-008-0098-8","volume":"4","author":"Bhausaheb S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Signal, Image Video Process."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB011","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Joint Conf. Biometrics (IJCB)","author":"Casula R."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB012","first-page":"1","volume":"6013","author":"Chugh T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB013","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB)","author":"Chugh T."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2990789","volume":"16","author":"Chugh T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/IAW.2006.1652075","volume-title":"Proc. 2006 IEEE Workshop on Information Assurance United States Military Academy","author":"Drahansk\u00fd M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.003387","volume":"55","author":"Darlow L. N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB017","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Int. Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)","author":"Ding Y."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2535899"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB019","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB)","author":"Engelsma J. J."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB020","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2011 Int. Conf. Hand-Based Biometrics (ICHB 2011)","author":"Espinoza M."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB021","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB","author":"Gajawada R."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB023","volume-title":"Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing","author":"Galbally J.","edition":"2"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB024","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Biometrics","author":"Galbally J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB025","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition (ICPR2012)","author":"Ghiani L."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2016.07.002","volume":"58","author":"Ghiani L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB027","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2013 Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB)","author":"Ghiani L."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB028","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2013 IEEE Sixth Int. Conf. Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","author":"Ghiani L."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048756","volume":"9","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-soler L. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB030","first-page":"46","volume-title":"2013 IEEE Workshop on Biometric Measurements and Systems for Security and Medical Applications","author":"Gragnaniello D."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.05.021","volume":"48","author":"Gragnaniello D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB032","first-page":"770","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"He K."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB033","first-page":"7132","volume-title":"Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Hu J."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.07.025","volume":"151","author":"Impedovo D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77326-1"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.7439\/ijasr.v1i7.1975","volume":"01","author":"Jain R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.06.041","volume":"268","author":"Jia X.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB039","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74549-5_33","volume-title":"Advances in Biometrics","volume":"4642","author":"Jia J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3047723","volume":"9","author":"Jian W.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936890"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB042","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Punecon","author":"Khade S."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.08.055"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB044","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Kim W.","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3050036","volume":"3","author":"Kolberg J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biometr., Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB046","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2012)","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB047","first-page":"731","volume-title":"2017 Int. Conf. Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS)","author":"Lazimul L. T. P."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.03.053","volume":"130","author":"Liu F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12315","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3081764","volume":"52","author":"Liu H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB050","first-page":"2397","volume":"30","author":"Liu F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB051","first-page":"77","volume-title":"2015 Int. Conf. Computer Science and Applications","author":"Lu M."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2617756","volume":"47","author":"Marasco E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB054","first-page":"8","volume-title":"2010 IEEE Workshop on Biometric Measurements and Systems for Security and Medical Applications","author":"Marasco E."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB055","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04146-4_4","volume-title":"Image Analysis and Processing","volume":"5716","author":"Marcialis G. L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.10.015","volume":"152","author":"Marrone S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.893472","volume":"54","author":"Martinsen \u00d8. G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103572","volume":"75","author":"Mehboob R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB060","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2015 IEEE 7th Int. Conf. Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","author":"Mura V."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB061","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Proc. \u2014 2018 Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB)","author":"Mura V."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2014.2337851","volume":"44","author":"Nappi M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybernet., Syst."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB063","first-page":"22","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Workshop on Biometric Measurements and Systems for Security and Medical Applications (BIOMS) Proc.","author":"Nogueira R. F."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2520880"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB065","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Workshop on Biometric Measurements and Systems for Security and Medical Applications (BIOMS) Proceedings","author":"Nogueira R. F.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB066","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 Int. Conf. Biometrics (ICB)","author":"Orru G."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2707-3","volume":"22","author":"Park Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB068","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 Int. Conf. Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","author":"Park E."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB069","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45344-X_32","volume-title":"Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication","volume":"2091","author":"Ratha N. K.","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB070","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Biometrics (IJCB)","author":"Rattani A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB071","first-page":"4992","volume-title":"21st IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP)","author":"Rattani A."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2464772","volume":"10","author":"Rattani A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2003432"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5994","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2889996","volume":"7","author":"Rui Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-11254-8","volume":"81","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multim. Tools Appl."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02173-8","volume":"38","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.10.013","volume":"152","author":"Sharma D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-01618-x","volume":"35","author":"Sharma R. P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2172413"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB080","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Int. Conf. Learning Representations","author":"Simonyan K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB082","series-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","volume-title":"Intelligent Technologies and Applications","volume":"1382","author":"Singh J. M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2013.0020"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3072325","volume":"3","author":"Spinoulas L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biometr., Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB085","first-page":"4278","volume-title":"AAAI\u201917: Proc. Thirty-First AAAI Conf. Artificial Intelligence","author":"Szegedy C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB086","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Szegedy C."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2934867","volume":"15","author":"Tolosana R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB089","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int. Joint Conf. Computational Intelligence","author":"Toosi A."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB090","first-page":"264","volume":"23","author":"Uliyan D. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b22524","volume-title":"Deep Learning in Biometrics","author":"Vatsa M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25417-3_29","volume-title":"Biometric Recognition","author":"Wang C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB093","first-page":"17","volume-title":"2008 10th Int. Conf. Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision","author":"Wei-yun Y."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2874281","volume":"50","author":"Xia Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-016-0936-z","volume":"11","author":"Xia Z.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal, Image Video Process."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB096","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"Xia Z.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.08.006","volume":"125","author":"Xu Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB098","first-page":"208","volume-title":"2012 5th IAPR Int. Conf. Biometrics","author":"Yambay D."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3182-1","volume":"23","author":"Yuan C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901235"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2019.2920364","volume":"12","author":"Yuan C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2019.2920364","volume":"12","author":"Yuan C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB103","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12484-1_21","volume-title":"Biometric Recognition","volume":"8833","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB104","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74549-5_78","volume-title":"Advances in Biometrics","volume":"4642","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183391","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3027846","volume":"8","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927357"},{"key":"S0218001422520292BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84141","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990909","volume":"8","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0218001422520292","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T10:10:38Z","timestamp":1677924638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0218001422520292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0218001422520292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218001422520292","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-0014","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"2252029"}}