{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:39:14Z","timestamp":1787017154054,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J CIRCUIT SYST COMP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This paper presents a new design of low power voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) circuit using three transistors NOR-gate and I-MOS (inversion mode) varactor tuning method. Variation in the oscillation frequency has been obtained by varying the output load capacitance with the use of I-MOS varactor tuning consisting of two PMOS transistors connected in parallel. Variable capacitance across the I-MOS varactor has been achieved by varying the source\/drain voltage ([Formula: see text] and back-gate voltage ([Formula: see text]. Variation of [Formula: see text] from 1[Formula: see text]V to 2[Formula: see text]V provides the frequency deviation from 1.970[Formula: see text]GHz to 1.379[Formula: see text]GHz with I-MOS width of 8 [Formula: see text]m at power supply voltage ([Formula: see text] of 1.8[Formula: see text]V. Power consumption of the circuit is 1.296[Formula: see text]mW with [Formula: see text] of 1.8[Formula: see text]V. The results have been obtained for different I-MOS varactor widths like 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, 8[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m and 10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. Further, variations in the frequency have been obtained from 0.650 GHz to 2.584 GHz with the V\n                    <jats:sub>dd<\/jats:sub>\n                    variation from 1[Formula: see text]V to 3[Formula: see text]V. In addition, by variations of [Formula: see text] from 0[Formula: see text]V to 1.8[Formula: see text]V and [Formula: see text] from 1[Formula: see text]V to 3[Formula: see text]V, the proposed oscillators operate in the frequency range from 0.556[Formula: see text]GHz to 2.584[Formula: see text]GHz for 8[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m width of I-MOS varactor. Proposed VCO circuit show a phase noise of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBc\/Hz at 1[Formula: see text]MHz offset from the carrier frequency and the figure of merit (FoM) for the VCO is 154.51[Formula: see text]dB\/Hz. Proposed VCO shows an improved performance in terms of power consumption, output frequency and FoM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126618501608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T04:03:32Z","timestamp":1515470612000},"page":"1850160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Low Power CMOS-Based VCO Design with I-MOS Varactor Tuning Control"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University School of Information, Communication and Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector \u2014 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dileep","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University School of Information, Communication and Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector \u2014 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218126618501608BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-012-9914-8"},{"key":"S0218126618501608BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2013.11.013"},{"key":"S0218126618501608BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2010.07.002"},{"key":"S0218126618501608BIB005","first-page":"371","volume":"96","author":"Kumar M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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