{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T05:38:38Z","timestamp":1740116318410,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J CIRCUIT SYST COMP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this paper, a two-stage time interpolation time-to-digital converter (TDC) is proposed to achieve adequate resolution and wide dynamic range for measuring R-R intervals in QRS detection. The architecture is based on a coarse counter and a couple of two-stage interpolator circuit in order to improve the conversion linearity. The proposed TDC is modeled with the neural network, while the teacher\u2013learner-based optimization algorithm (TLBO) is used to optimize the integral nonlinearity (INL) of the proposed TDC. The proposed optimization method shows a characteristic close to the ideal output of the TDC behavior over a wide input range. Using the achieved results of the TLBO algorithm simulation results using CADENCE VIRTUOSO and standard 180[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology shows 1.2[Formula: see text]s dynamic range, 100[Formula: see text]ns resolution, 0.19[Formula: see text]mW power consumption and area of 0.16[Formula: see text]mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The proposed circuit can find application in biomedical engineering systems and other fields where long and accurate time interval measurement is needed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021812661950021x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,22]],"date-time":"2018-04-22T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1524433935000},"page":"1950021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Low-Power High-Linear Time-to-Digital Converter for Measuring R-R Intervals in ECG Signal Optimized by Neural Network and TLBO Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2469-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Ghanavati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Abiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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