{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:21:21Z","timestamp":1777486881421,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J CIRCUIT SYST COMP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a computer vision-based cashew nut grading system has been designed and implemented for classifying different grades of cashew nuts using combined features and machine learning approaches. The important task in the cashew nut grading system is to classify the whole and split down cashew nuts. Since these cashew nuts look very similar from the top view, it is a challenging task to classify the whole cashew nut and split down cashew nuts. Hence, a single-view image of cashew nut has been captured by placing a camera with a distance of 17[Formula: see text]cm (from the right side of the conveyor belt). The captured red, blue and green images are normalized and converted into hue, saturation and value color space. S channel from HSV image is used for segmentation process using Otsu threshold technique. The total numbers of features extracted are 275 and the features are texture (180), color (90), and shape (5). The constrained optimization-based feature selection method is used and 30 features are selected for further process. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used for the classification, and the results obtained from different kernel functions are computed and compared. The 8-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) has been developed in this work for classification and to analyze the performance and accuracy. The accuracy of different machine learning classifiers like SVM 1-1, SVM 1-All and CNN model is also evaluated and compared. The overall accuracy obtained by SVM 1-All with kernel function radial basis for classification is 98.93%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126623500494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T04:06:28Z","timestamp":1663819588000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Computer Vision-Based Cashew Nuts Grading System Using Machine Learning Methods"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Sivaranjani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CSE, University College of Engineering Panruti (UCEP), Tamilnadu 607106, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Senthilrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of EEE, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625009, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.18843\/ijms\/v5i4(4)\/11","volume":"4","author":"Polisetty V. V. K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Manage. Stud."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB004","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Systems Computation Automation and Networking","author":"Sivaranjani A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB005","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCA)","author":"Sivaranjani A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB006","first-page":"97","volume":"19","author":"Elyan A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.04.033","volume":"125","author":"Lakshmi B. V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163912","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952176","volume":"7","author":"Kumar M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB009","first-page":"26","volume":"33","author":"Islama M. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB010","first-page":"346","volume-title":"Third Int. Conf. Computer and Communication Technology","author":"Dubey S. R.","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB011","first-page":"63","volume":"20","author":"Chang J.-D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.8076064","volume-title":"2017 40th Int. Conf. Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)","author":"Horak K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.101","volume":"72","author":"Azhara R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.09.045","volume":"275","author":"Han L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18940","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895688","volume":"7","author":"Amin S. U.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB016","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"Jiang S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158035","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946267","volume":"7","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB018","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Second Int. Conf. Recent Trends and Challenges in Computational Models (ICRTCCM)","author":"Rajkumar S. C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.06.007","volume":"122","author":"Du Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2021.1970631","volume":"97","author":"Sivaranjani A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Horticultural Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB021","first-page":"2050","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation","author":"Collet A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2544315","volume":"39","author":"Barbu A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB023","first-page":"4542","volume":"64","author":"Sivaranjani A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solid State Technol."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4910","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4910","volume":"34","author":"Rajkumar S. C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4178","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4178","author":"Rajkumar S. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB026","first-page":"1","author":"Lopes J. F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multim. Tools."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.01.011","volume":"146","author":"Wana P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115276","volume":"182","author":"Elakkiya R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04087-y","volume":"32","author":"Karthika R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2920831","volume":"16","author":"Naik B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107932"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3057524","volume":"17","author":"Castiglione A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3076201","volume":"20","author":"Xia S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3033563","volume":"21","author":"Li Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB035","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Zhao L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2022.3159664","volume":"71","author":"Zhao L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliability"},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3147845","author":"Zhou Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB038","first-page":"5","volume":"14","author":"Rajkumar S. C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB039","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Rajkumar S. C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cloud Appl. Comput."},{"key":"S0218126623500494BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822260-7.00014-5","volume-title":"Handbook of Computational Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare","author":"Deborah L. J.","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0218126623500494","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T10:46:28Z","timestamp":1701081988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0218126623500494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0218126623500494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218126623500494","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-1266","1793-6454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-1266","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"article-number":"2350049"}}