{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:25:00Z","timestamp":1760711100372,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J CIRCUIT SYST COMP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper proposes an improved two-stage and four-stage CMOS ring-Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) design with large frequency at output, improved phase noise, and reduced consumption of power. A PMOS varactor is used in conventional circuit to obtain high tuning-range and very low consumption of power. Cadence Virtuoso 90 nm technology was used to simulate this differential ring-VCO with the proposed dual input differential delay cell. This two-stage and four-stage design gives wider range of tuning from 1.254 to 6.694 GHz (81.26%) and 1.821 to 5.259 GHz (65.37%), respectively, with the change in [Formula: see text] from 0.1 to 1 V. The power-consumption of two-stage ring VCO and four-stage ring VCO varies from 48.02 to 89.33 [Formula: see text] and 66.81 to 157.02 [Formula: see text] respectively. The proposed two-stage and four-stage VCO exhibits \u2212114.46 and \u2212111.06 dBc\/Hz at 1 MHz offset from 6.694 and 5.259 GHz carrier frequency, respectively. The proposed two-stage and four-stage differential ring-VCO results in wider tuning range and very low consumption of power and an improved figure of merit and phase-noise. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126623501992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:13:18Z","timestamp":1672974798000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 6.7 GHz, 89.33 \u03bcW Power and 81.26% Tuning Range Dual Input Ring VCO with PMOS Varactor"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Saqib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subodh","family":"Wairya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218126623501992BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075004","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/33\/7\/075004","volume":"33","author":"Haijun G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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