{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:25:24Z","timestamp":1759537524586,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"18","funder":[{"name":"PROACT","award":["NWA.1215.18.014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1215.18.014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J CIRCUIT SYST COMP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this paper, we conduct an in-depth power side-channel analysis of Xoodyak, a lightweight cryptographic algorithm implemented on an FPGA platform. Our analysis focuses on the initialization phase of Xoodyak in its authenticated encryption with associated data mode. We introduce a new leakage model and perform an initial leakage assessment to identify potential vulnerabilities. Subsequently, we carry out both non-profiled and profiled attacks to determine how exploitable the observed leakages are. <\/jats:p><jats:p> We use correlation power analysis for the non-profiled analysis, applying it across all key bits. This approach yields a success rate of 91.4% with 50,000 traces. In our profiled attack phase, we deploy both a template attack and a deep learning-based attack. The template attack achieves a success rate of 99.2%, recovering almost all key bits using 20,000 traces. Meanwhile, the deep learning approach reaches zero guessing entropy within 550 traces and successfully adapts to the leakage model within 50 epochs. <\/jats:p><jats:p> To enhance the resilience of Xoodyak against side-channel attacks, we develop a configurable implementation based on domain-oriented masking (DOM) scheme. Our d-th order masked implementation employs [Formula: see text] shares, requiring [Formula: see text] units of fresh randomness per round. We then assess the resource requirements of these masked implementations on both ASIC and FPGA platforms, up to order 5. As a practical demonstration, we program the main Spartan-6 FPGA on the Sakura-G evaluation board with both the unprotected and the first-order domain-oriented protected implementations. A test vector leakage assessment based on Welch\u2019s t-test is then conducted to confirm the improved resistance of this Xoodyak implementation protected against first-order power analysis attacks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126625430042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T03:19:31Z","timestamp":1754709571000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Evaluation of Side-Channel Resistance of <scp>Xoodyak<\/scp> Hardware Implementations"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2881-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Amiri Eliasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Security (DiS) Group, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences (iCIS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Mella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Security (DiS) Group, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences (iCIS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0288-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Weissbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Security (DiS) Group, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences (iCIS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0727-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lejla","family":"Batina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Security (DiS) Group, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences (iCIS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stjepan","family":"Picek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Security (DiS) Group, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences (iCIS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-021-09398-9"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tosc.v2020.iS1.60-87"},{"journal-title":"IACR Cryptol.","year":"2020","author":"Khairallah M.","key":"S0218126625430042BIB004"},{"journal-title":"IACR Cryptol.","year":"2020","author":"Mohajerani K.","key":"S0218126625430042BIB005"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48405-1_25"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-68697-5_9"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45418-7_17"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44371-2_25"},{"journal-title":"IACR Cryptol.","year":"2023","author":"Mohajerani K.","key":"S0218126625430042BIB010"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3075564.3079067"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29497-6_6"},{"volume-title":"NIST 5th Lightweight Cryptography Workshop","year":"2022","author":"Liu Z.","key":"S0218126625430042BIB016"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAC56929.2023.10247916"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2020.i1.1-36"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11935308_38"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996366.2996426"},{"volume-title":"Fifth NIST Lightweight Cryptography Workshop","year":"2022","author":"Abdulgadir A.","key":"S0218126625430042BIB021"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HOST55118.2023.10133290"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE.2014.7031104"},{"key":"S0218126625430042BIB025","first-page":"115","volume-title":"NIST Non-invasive Attack Testing Workshop","volume":"7","author":"Goodwill B. 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