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In this paper, the technique of Hammerstein\u2013Wiener black-box modeling is proposed for the behavior prediction of the shape memory alloy actuators, which performs in a nonlinear manner. The approach utilizes system identification techniques to develop a dynamic model for the SMA spring actuator, which can predict its behavior accurately under various input conditions. This methodology shifts the challenge of accurately modeling the system\u2019s physics to the task of formulating an input\u2013output structure that encompasses its dynamics. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the developed model in precisely forecasting the SMA actuators behaviors, thus aiding in the selection and optimal tuning of control system parameters. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126625503062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T08:05:13Z","timestamp":1743149113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cyber-Physical Systems Oriented Modeling of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Spring Functionality"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6547-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abebe Mihretu","family":"Ziyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218126625503062BIB001","first-page":"2250252:1","volume":"31","author":"Junqiang J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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