{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1781902178186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"15","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61661008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61661008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017GXNSFAA198180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017GXNSFAA198180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The security of chaotic cryptographic system can be theoretically evaluated by using conventional statistical tests and numerical simulations, such as the character frequency test, entropy test, avalanche test and SP 800-22 tests. However, when the cryptographic algorithm operates on a cryptosystem, the leakage information such as power dissipation, electromagnetic emission and time-consuming can be used by attackers to analyze the secret keys, namely the Side Channel Analysis (SCA) attack. In this paper, a cryptanalysis method is proposed for evaluating the security of a chaotic block cryptographic system from a hardware perspective by utilizing the Template Attacks (TAs). Firstly, a chaotic block cryptographic system is described briefly and implemented based on an Atmel XMEGA microcontroller. Then the TA using a multivariate Gaussian model is introduced. In order to reduce computational complexity and improve the efficiency of TA, the Hamming weight is used in this work to model power consumption traces. The proposed TA method has the following advantages including (a) using the sum of difference to select points of interest of traces, (b) using a data processing method to minimize the influences on power information modeling from the redundant sampling points, and (c) all the traces are aligned precisely before establishing the templates. Experimental results show that the TA can be used to attack the chaotic cryptographic systems and is more efficient, i.e. [Formula: see text]32% less attack traces than correlation power analysis, when the templates are properly built. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218127420502235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T10:44:48Z","timestamp":1607597088000},"page":"2050223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cryptanalysis of a Chaotic Block Cryptographic System Against Template Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yuling","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9790-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvchen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-Source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB001","first-page":"1","volume":"4249","author":"Archambeau C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryptograph. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB002","first-page":"16","volume":"3156","author":"Brier E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cryptograph. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-017-0170-9","volume":"7","author":"Bruneau N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cryptograph. Engin."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB004","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"Chari S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cryptograph. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-016-3153-y","volume":"87","author":"Chen L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nonlin. Dyn."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97549","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926831","volume":"7","author":"Chen L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2883-z","volume":"75","author":"Elgendy F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.08.059","volume":"25","author":"Fouda J. E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput. J."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB009","first-page":"251","volume":"2162","author":"Gandolfi K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cryptograph. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB010","unstructured":"Gierlichs, B.,  Batina, L.,  Tuyls, P. &  Preneel, B.   [2008]  Mutual Information Analysis a Generic Side-Channel Distinguisher,  Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.  5154  (Springer,  Berlin, Heidelberg),  pp. 426\u2013442."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB011","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Hua Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.: Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8660","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890116","volume":"7","author":"Hua Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2923553","volume":"16","author":"Hua Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB014","first-page":"411","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Workshop on Information Forensics and Security","author":"Karakoyunlu D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20542-2","volume-title":"Chaos Based Cryptography","volume":"354","author":"Kocarev L.","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-68697-5_9","volume-title":"Int. Cryptology Conf. Advances in Cryptology","author":"Kocher P. C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48405-1_25","volume-title":"Int. Cryptology Conf. Advances in Cryptology","author":"Kocher P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB018","first-page":"2143","volume-title":"9th Int. Conf. Young Computer Scientists Enhanced","author":"Li H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.12.008","volume":"27","author":"Li C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2010.09.014","volume":"91","author":"Li C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sign. Process."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2018.2873472","volume":"25","author":"Li C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB022","first-page":"102361","volume":"48","author":"Li C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inform. Security Appl."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2369711","volume":"25","author":"Lin Z.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Vid. Technol."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2011.11.040","volume":"17","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.03.019","volume":"84","author":"Liu W.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Engin."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2014.05.022","volume":"20","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-015-2481-7","volume":"83","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nonlin. Dyn."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77740","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2884013","volume":"6","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB029","first-page":"1850114-1","volume":"28","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.03.022","volume":"161","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sign. Process."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38507","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906052","volume":"7","author":"Luo Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB032","volume-title":"Power Analysis Attack","author":"Mangard S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2017.02.005","volume":"97","author":"Messadi M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chaos Solit. Fract."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB034","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Cryptographers Track at the RSA Conf.","author":"Oswald E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB035","first-page":"2858","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst.","author":"Pareschi F.","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-017-0172-7","volume":"7","author":"Picek S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cryptograph. Engin."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB037","first-page":"700","volume":"40","author":"Preneel B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tetsu-to-Hagane"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB038","first-page":"440","volume":"3325","author":"Rechberger C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inform. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x","volume":"28","author":"Shannon C.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Bell System Techn. J."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB040","first-page":"217","volume":"4","author":"Shevchenko I. I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annales Henri Poincar\u00e9"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691091","volume":"27","author":"Skinner J. E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB042","unstructured":"Standaert, F.X. &  Archambeau, C.   [2008]  Using Subspace-Based Template Attacks to Compare and Combine Power and Electromagnetic Information Leakages,  Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.  5154  (Springer,  Berlin, Heidelberg),  pp. 411\u2013425."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2015.12.003","volume":"25","author":"Stehl\u00edk M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Compl."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2014.10.021","volume":"22","author":"Tong X.-J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlin. Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2868220","volume":"14","author":"Varadharajan V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Forens. Secu."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2016.2643638","volume":"3","author":"Wang Q.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53079","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911395","volume":"7","author":"Yi L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.07.028","volume":"120","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"S0218127420502235BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2682561","volume":"48","author":"Zhang L. Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0218127420502235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T10:45:07Z","timestamp":1607597107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218127420502235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0218127420502235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218127420502235","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-1274","1793-6551"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-1274","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6551","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]}}}