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To further enhance performance, the RSA algorithm is employed to compute initial parameters of the chaotic system, while a genetic algorithm is introduced to optimize the sequence of DNA encoding rules used in the encryption process. Each individual encoding scheme in the genetic algorithm represents a candidate that maps image pixels to encrypted values. The optimization process iteratively evaluates and selects the best-performing individual based on encryption quality metrics. Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm\u2019s robustness against statistical and differential attacks. Its performance is validated through histogram analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, information entropy, NPCR, and UACI evaluations. Comparative results show that the proposed chaotic system achieves strong encryption security even without optimization. For users requiring enhanced security, the optimization phase offers further improvements at the cost of additional computational time, allowing flexible trade-offs between efficiency and robustness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218127425501688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T04:42:29Z","timestamp":1758516149000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Optimization and DNA Sequence"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1321-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qicheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenayang 110168, P. R. 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