{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:38:01Z","timestamp":1767771481620,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62162055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62162055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial University Teacher Innovation Foundation","award":["2024A-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Soft. Eng. Knowl. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Currently, there is a significant amount of public code in the IT communities, programming forums and code repositories. Many of these codes lack classification labels, or have imprecise labels, which causes inconvenience to code management and retrieval. Some classification methods have been proposed to automatically assign labels to the code. However, these methods mainly rely on code comments or surrounding text, and the classification effect is limited by the quality of them. So far, there are a few methods that rely solely on the code itself to assign labels to the code. In this paper, an encoder-only method is proposed to assign multiple labels to the code of an algorithmic problem, in which UniXcoder is employed to encode the input code and the encoding results correspond to the output labels through the classification heads. The proposed method relies only on the code itself. We construct a dataset to evaluate the proposed method, which consists of source code in three programming languages (C[Formula: see text], Java, Python) with a total size of approximately 120[Formula: see text]K. The results of the comparative experiment show that the proposed method has better performance in multi-label classification task of pure code than encoder\u2013decoder methods. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218194024500311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T13:54:33Z","timestamp":1718632473000},"page":"1641-1659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Label Classification of Pure Code"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0212-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China"},{"name":"Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China"},{"name":"Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218194024500311BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE43902.2021.00026"},{"key":"S0218194024500311BIB005","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Programming Language Design and Implementation","author":"Veselin R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0218194024500311BIB006","first-page":"1536","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP","author":"Zhangyin F.","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0218194024500311BIB008","first-page":"8696","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Yue W.","year":"2021"},{"volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. 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