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To fulfill this demand, this study offers a review of components and services made to address specific quality attributes crucial to IoT-based smart city systems. We identified and discussed several quality attributes, including scalability, performance, security and privacy, flexibility, interoperability, citizen engagement and reliability. These attributes were then mapped to relevant parts of the IoT-based smart city software architecture. Moreover, issues for each of these quality attributes were discussed. The findings of this research provide insightful guidance for creating, implementing and improving IoT-based smart systems to meet the evolving needs of the smart city sector. Subsequent investigations could concentrate on offering all-encompassing legal and regulatory structures, security and privacy protocols and optimal approaches for every smart city application separately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218194025300040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:46:43Z","timestamp":1763624803000},"page":"1217-1254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Software Architecture Quality Attributes in IoT-Based Smart City Systems"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1275-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7034, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yehia Ibrahim","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business administration, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101160"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB002","unstructured":"Statista, Internet of Things (IoT) - statistics & facts (2024), https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2637\/internet-of-things\/#topicOverview."},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010743"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5753\/cibse.2024.28444"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2978770"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105287"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02197-3"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074173"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100346"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100308"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3054730"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2020.106449"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102266"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121608"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2023.100789"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.12.022"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40171-022-00298-w"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113715"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.102047"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.101030"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB021","unstructured":"Syndicode, Software architecture quality attributes (2022), https:\/\/syndicode.com\/blog\/12-software-architecture-quality-attributes\/."},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB022","unstructured":"ISO, ISO 25000 standards: ISO\/IEC 25010 (2010), https:\/\/iso25000.com\/index.php\/en\/iso-25000-standards\/iso-25010."},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB023","unstructured":"InvestmentMentor, The rise of the smart city: How AI and IoT are revolutionising city life (2023), https:\/\/www.investmentmonitor.ai\/sponsored\/the-rise-of-the-smart-city-how-ai-and-iot-are-revolutionising-city-life\/."},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-022-00353-y"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atech.2024.100523"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3095559"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.106908"},{"key":"S0218194025300040BIB028","unstructured":"K. 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