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This paper proposes Hierarchical Change Impact Analysis (HCIA), a Hierarchical CIA technique based on the sub-statement level dependence graph. HCIA can perform a forward hierarchy program slicing on the change set from five levels: sub-statement, statement, method, class, and package. Based on the program slices, HCIA calculates the impact factor of the impact sets at the five levels to generate the final impact set. In the experiment, we evaluate the relationship between the impact factor and the actual affected codes and assess the most appropriate size of HCIA impact sets. Furthermore, we evaluate HCIA on 10 open-source projects by comparing our approach with popular CIAs at the five levels. The experimental result shows that HCIA is more accurate than the popular CIAs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218194025500056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T08:23:33Z","timestamp":1733905413000},"page":"263-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HCIA: Hierarchical Change Impact Analysis Based on Hierarchy Program Slices"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0052-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. 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