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To tackle this challenge, this paper introduces a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-tuned active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy aimed at improving efficiency and robustness in PEMFC thermal management. By integrating PSO with ADRC, the controller parameters are adaptively adjusted to adapt to system dynamics and external disturbances. Simulation results show that the PSO-optimized ADRC scheme achieves superior temperature stability, faster dynamic response and stronger disturbance rejection compared to a traditional ADRC. This improvement contributes to the long-term reliability and efficiency of PEMFC operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021819402550113x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T02:41:21Z","timestamp":1767148881000},"page":"1383-1403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Particle Swarm Optimization Tuned Active Disturbance Rejection Control with Application to PEMFC Thermal System"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2811-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"given":"Huipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University Information Engineering College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311305, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5830-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7373-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haojie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Power Machinery & Vehicular Engineering Institute, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"},{"name":"Longquan Industrial Innovation Research Institute, Longquan, Zhejiang 323700, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"given":"Baoquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China FAW Group Corporation, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]},{"given":"Donglai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China FAW Group Corporation, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S021819402550113XBIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.130453"},{"issue":"4","key":"S021819402550113XBIB002","first-page":"162","volume":"23","author":"Liu Y. 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