{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:17:20Z","timestamp":1793189840527,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Comput. Geom. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clustering is central to many image processing and remote sensing applications. ISODATA is one of the most popular and widely used clustering methods in geoscience applications, but it can run slowly, particularly with large data sets. We present a more efficient approach to ISODATA clustering, which achieves better running times by storing the points in a kd-tree and through a modification of the way in which the algorithm estimates the dispersion of each cluster. We also present an approximate version of the algorithm which allows the user to further improve the running time, at the expense of lower fidelity in computing the nearest cluster center to each point. We provide both theoretical and empirical justification that our modified approach produces clusterings that are very similar to those produced by the standard ISODATA approach. We also provide empirical studies on both synthetic data and remotely sensed Landsat and MODIS images that show that our approach has significantly lower running times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218195907002252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]],"date-time":"2007-02-16T04:48:16Z","timestamp":1171601296000},"page":"71-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["A FAST IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ISODATA CLUSTERING ALGORITHM"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"NARGESS","family":"MEMARSADEGHI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Advanced Architectures and Automation Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"},{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID M.","family":"MOUNT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science and Inst. for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NATHAN S.","family":"NETANYAHU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel"},{"name":"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JACQUELINE","family":"LE MOIGNE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Advanced Architectures and Automation Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009387"},{"key":"rf3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/293347.293348"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539702416402"},{"key":"rf6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361002.361007"},{"key":"rf7","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Bottou and Y.\u00a0Bengio, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7, eds. G.\u00a0Tesauro and D.\u00a0Touretzky (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995)\u00a0pp. 585\u2013592."},{"key":"rf10","volume-title":"An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications","author":"Feller W.","year":"1968"},{"key":"rf11","first-page":"768","volume":"21","author":"Forgey E.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"rf12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355744.355745"},{"key":"rf13","volume-title":"Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition","author":"Fukunaga K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"rf14","volume-title":"Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness","author":"Garey M. R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"rf15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3626-0"},{"key":"rf16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(85)90224-5"},{"key":"rf18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00454-004-2822-7"},{"key":"rf21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00453-004-1127-9"},{"key":"rf22","volume-title":"Approximation Algorithms for NP-hard Problems","author":"Hochbaum D. S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"rf23","volume-title":"Algorithms for Clustering Data","author":"Jain A. K.","year":"1988"},{"key":"rf25","volume-title":"Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective","author":"Jensen J. R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"rf26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017616"},{"key":"rf27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comgeo.2004.03.003"},{"key":"rf28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316801"},{"key":"rf29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88163-3"},{"key":"rf32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489"},{"key":"rf34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009735908398"},{"key":"rf35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004540010019"},{"key":"rf36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2002.1033770"},{"key":"rf38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aop\/1176993713"},{"key":"rf39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03978-6"},{"key":"rf40","first-page":"81","volume":"6","author":"Selim S. Z.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"rf41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009311"},{"key":"rf42","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition Principles","author":"Tou J. T.","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computational Geometry &amp; Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0218195907002252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T20:30:31Z","timestamp":1565123431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0218195907002252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0218195907002252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218195907002252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-1959","1793-6357"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-1959","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6357","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}}}