{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:36:12Z","timestamp":1779366972140,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> AutoTutor is an intelligent tutoring system that holds conversations with learners in natural language. AutoTutor uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to match student answers to a set of expected answers that would appear in a complete and correct response or which reflect common but incorrect understandings of the material. The correctness of student contributions is decided using a threshold value of the LSA cosine between the student answer and the expectations. In previous work LSA has shown to be effective in detecting good answers of students. The results indicate that the best agreement between LSA matches and the evaluations of subject matter experts can be obtained if the cosine threshold is allowed to be a function of the lengths of both student answer and the expectation being considered. Based on some of our experiences with LSA and AutoTutor, we are developing a new mathematical model to improve the precision of AutoTutor's natural language understanding and discriminative ability. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021821300600293x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]],"date-time":"2006-10-17T16:26:00Z","timestamp":1161102360000},"page":"767-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["THE RIGHT THRESHOLD VALUE: WHAT IS THE RIGHT THRESHOLD OF COSINE MEASURE WHEN USING LATENT SEMANTIC ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATING STUDENT ANSWERS?"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"PHANNI","family":"PENUMATSA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, 373 Dunn Hall, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152-3240, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MATTHEW","family":"VENTURA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ARTHUR C.","family":"GRAESSER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MAX","family":"LOUWERSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XIANGEN","family":"HU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZHIQIANG","family":"CAI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DONALD R.","family":"FRANCESCHETTI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Memphis, Campus Box 523390, Memphis TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf2","first-page":"257","volume":"12","author":"Graesser A. 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