{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1648752922670},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Unc. Fuzz. Knowl. Based Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Uncertainty and its imposed risk have significant impacts on decision-making. However, both are disregarded in many trust-based applications. In this paper, we propose a risk-aware approach to explicitly take uncertainty of trust and its effects into account. Our approach consists of a trust, a confidence, and a risk model. We do not prescribe a specific trust model, and any probabilistic trust model can be empowered by our approach. The confidence model calculates the uncertainty of the trust model in the form of a confidence interval, and is independent of the inner-workings of the trust model. This interval is used by the utility-based risk model which assesses the effects of uncertainty on trust-based decisions. We evaluated our approach by a four-state HMM-based simulated trustee, and employed the Beta, HMM and evidence-based trust models. We proposed and compared different methods for calculating confidence intervals, as well as methods for determining the risk and opportunity of a trust-based interaction. The results demonstrate how our approach should be used to improve the correctness of decision-making in trust-based applications. According to the statistical analysis of the simulation results, confidence intervals can properly represent the trust value and its uncertainty, and strongly improve trust-based decisions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021848851650032x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T03:12:18Z","timestamp":1476069138000},"page":"703-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uncertainty in Trust: A Risk-Aware Approach"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sadegh Dorri","family":"Nogoorani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data and Network Security Laboratory, Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 1458889694, P.O. Box 11365-11155, I.R. Iran"}]},{"given":"Rasool","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data and Network Security Laboratory, Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, 1458889694, P.O. Box 11365-11155, I.R. Iran"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"213","author":"Gambetta D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"UK"},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"21","author":"ElSalamouny E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Berlin"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM T. Auton. Adap. 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