{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T05:20:31Z","timestamp":1734067231634,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Unc. Fuzz. Knowl. Based Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Spatial thinking is the ability to mentally visualize and manipulate 3D objects, identify patterns, and describe relationships among objects in a setting. These skills are highly predictive of success in engineering, architecture, graphic design, computer science, and other fields of education. In our education system, at the school level, teachers focus on something other than the development of the skills mentioned above. Which is passed on to the next cadre and even reflected in the professional lives of students. Most research on spatial thinking ability develops at the undergraduate or primary levels. However, there is a need to work on adolescents in middle school who are at the stage of learning and manipulating abstract concepts. In this study, a spatial thinking learning application based on AR technology is developed and evaluated using Unity 3D with AR foundation libraries. AR technology\u2019s augmented and immersive characteristics helped adolescents (12\u201313 years) visualize objects in three dimensions and make inferences about them. One group pre and posttest pre-experimental research design was followed. Statistically significant results of pre- and post-surveys and graphs of in-app calculations provide evidence of learning. This experience allowed students to actively practice spatial constructs, enhance their spatial reasoning skills, and boost their self-efficacy while using these skills. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s021848852440018x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:08:49Z","timestamp":1729501729000},"page":"1093-1110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing and Investigating the Impact of an AR Application for Learning Spatial Thinking Skills at Middle Level"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tahira Anwar","family":"Lashari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tashfa","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana Anwar","family":"Lashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Sintok 06010 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saima Anwar","family":"Lashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mian Talha","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Art and Design, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2020.13430a"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB003","first-page":"1","author":"Baumgartner E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29408\/jel.v8i2.5670"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/iji.2022.15413a"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09805-w"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB007","first-page":"1","author":"Ben Mahfoudh H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3919"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916659207"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2019.1653298"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2007.tb00944.x"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03043797.2013.838543"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119085621.wbefs493"},{"key":"S021848852440018XBIB016","first-page":"24","volume":"1","author":"Nabavi R. 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