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This stage follows the thresholding, which aims to improve the quality of the document and to extract its background from its foreground, also for detecting and correcting the skew that leads to redress the document. Here, a hybrid method is proposed in order to locate words and characters in both handwritten and printed documents. Numerical results prove the robustness and the high precision of our approach applied on old degraded document images over four common datasets, in which the pair (Recall, Precision) reaches approximately 97.7% and 97.9%. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219467821500121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T15:05:00Z","timestamp":1598367900000},"page":"2150012","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Efficient Cooperative Smearing Technique for Degraded Historical Document Image Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Boudraa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LCSI, \u00c9cole nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, BP 68M, 16309, Oued-Smar Alger, Alg\u00e9rie"}]},{"given":"Walid Khaled","family":"Hidouci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LCSI, \u00c9cole nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, BP 68M, 16309, Oued-Smar Alger, Alg\u00e9rie"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Michelucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire LIB, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, BP 47870, 21078, DIJON CEDEX, France"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.02.023"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEE-B.2017.8192044"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2019.05.009"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1815330.1815383"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB005","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95957-3_30","volume-title":"Intelligent Computing Methodologies, ICIC 2018","volume":"10956","author":"Li Y.","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqs077"},{"key":"S0219467821500121BIB007","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Int. 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