{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:53:25Z","timestamp":1774072405446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advs. Complex Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In many social dilemmas, individuals tend to generate a situation with low payoffs instead of a system optimum (\"tragedy of the commons\"). Is the routing of traffic a similar problem? In order to address this question, we present experimental results on humans playing a route choice game in a computer laboratory, which allow one to study decision behavior in repeated games beyond the Prisoner's Dilemma. We will focus on whether individuals manage to find a cooperative and fair solution compatible with the system-optimal road usage. We find that individuals tend towards a user equilibrium with equal travel times in the beginning. However, after many iterations, they often establish a coherent oscillatory behavior, as taking turns performs better than applying pure or mixed strategies. The resulting behavior is fair and compatible with system-optimal road usage. In spite of the complex dynamics leading to coordinated oscillations, we have identified mathematical relationships quantifying the observed transition process. Our main experimental discoveries for 2- and 4-person games can be explained with a novel reinforcement learning model for an arbitrary number of persons, which is based on past experience and trial-and-error behavior. Gains in the average payoff seem to be an important driving force for the innovation of time-dependent response patterns, i.e. the evolution of more complex strategies. Our findings are relevant for decision support systems and routing in traffic or data networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219525905000361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,21]],"date-time":"2005-04-21T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1114079116000},"page":"87-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["HOW INDIVIDUALS LEARN TO TAKE TURNS: EMERGENCE OF ALTERNATING COOPERATION IN A CONGESTION GAME AND THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"08","author":[{"given":"DIRK","family":"HELBING","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport &amp; Economics, Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"MARTIN","family":"SCH\u00d6NHOF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport &amp; Economics, Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"HANS-ULRICH","family":"STARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport &amp; Economics, Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"JANUSZ A.","family":"HO\u0141YST","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Center of Excellence for Complex Systems Research, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, PL-00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","first-page":"406","volume":"84","author":"Arthur W. 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