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Therefore, many real-world networks that fail to meet this criterion under random sampling may be discarded.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this paper, we offer a framework for interpreting the missing observations in network data under the hypothesis that these observations are not missing at random. We demonstrate the methodology with a case study of a financial trade network, where the awareness of agents to the data collection procedure by a self-interested observer may result in strategic revealing or withholding of information. The non-random missingness has been overlooked despite the possibility of this being an important feature of the processes by which the network is generated. The analysis demonstrates that strategic information withholding may be a valid general phenomenon in complex systems. The evidence is sufficient to support the existence of an influential observer and to offer a compelling dynamic mechanism for the creation of the network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219525918500029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1520940887000},"page":"1850002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MISSING DATA AS PART OF THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN REAL-WORLD FINANCIAL COMPLEX SYSTEMS"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"GUY","family":"KELMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}]},{"given":"ERAN","family":"MANES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel"},{"name":"Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel"}]},{"given":"MARCO","family":"LAMIERI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intesa SanPaolo, Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"DAVID S.","family":"BR\u00c9E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(03)00009-1"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4266(92)90046-3"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2552939"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-011-0224-6"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00014.x"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06830"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00394.x"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047585.06264.cc"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.4633"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2009.12.008"},{"key":"S0219525918500029BIB014","first-page":"53","volume":"10","author":"Frank O.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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