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In this paper, we present our pioneering work in leader\u2013follower network design via memetic algorithms, which focuses on minimizing the number of leaders or the amount of control energy while ensuring network controllability. We consider three problems in this paper: (1) selecting the minimum number of leaders in a pre-defined network with guaranteed network controllability; (2) selecting the leaders in a pre-defined network with the minimum control energy; and (3) assigning edges (interactions) between nodes to form a controllable leader\u2013follower network with the minimum control energy. The proposed framework can be applied in designing signed, unsigned, directed, or undirected networks. It should be noted that this work is the first to apply memetic algorithms in the design of controllable networks. We chose memetic algorithms because they have been shown to be more efficient and more effective than the standard genetic algorithms in solving some optimization problems. Our simulation results provide an additional demonstration of their efficiency and effectiveness. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219525921500041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:24:03Z","timestamp":1632716643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DESIGN OF CONTROLLABLE LEADER\u2013FOLLOWER NETWORKS VIA MEMETIC ALGORITHMS"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SHAOPING","family":"XIAO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa Technology Institute (Formerly CCAD), Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}]},{"given":"BAIKE","family":"SHE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA"}]},{"given":"SIDDHARTHA","family":"MEHTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida Research and Engineering Education Facility, Shalimar, FL 32579, USA"}]},{"given":"ZHEN","family":"KAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0219525921500041BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2014.7039450","volume-title":"Proc. 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