{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T06:10:04Z","timestamp":1739254204022,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Human. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many interests in developing life-like robots, or robots which are both intelligent and autonomous. And, one obvious characteristics of life-like creatures is that they can autonomously develop and learn during their life span. Such abilities obviously depend on the ways of designing human-like minds. Then, a fundamental question is how to devise the innate, or built-in, principles behind the blueprint of a human-like mind, and to apply these findings to guide the design of the mind of life-like robots. In the literature, there are two schools of thoughts. One advocates the study of the nervous systems of biological brains (e.g. human brain) until the discovery of the blueprint of a mind. The second approach is to follow the path of invention and validation until the full understanding of physical principles which enable the design of an artificial mind that is as good as a biological mind. This paper embraces the second approach, and aims at formulating a new ground which could guide the design of the minds of life-like robots at various stages. In particular, the discussion is focused on answering the question of what life is from an engineering point of view. And, we approach the answer by examining the key steps of evolution from non-life to life. In this paper, five key steps of evolution from non-life to life will be discussed in detail. They are embodiment of energy flow, embodiment of signal flow, embodiment of knowledge flow, embodiment of decision flow, and embodiment of awareness flow. These findings are grounded on our engineering works toward the development of low-cost humanoid (LOCH) robot, and offer a unique perspective and an engineering basis. Whenever possible, the discussions in this paper are supported by real results of experiments on real robots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219843609001759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,20]],"date-time":"2009-07-20T03:52:17Z","timestamp":1248061937000},"page":"307-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["FIVE STEPS OF EVOLUTION FROM NON-LIFE TO LIFE-LIKE ROBOTS"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"06","author":[{"given":"MING","family":"XIE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical &amp; Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"How to Build a Mind","year":"2001","author":"Aleksander I.","key":"rf1"},{"volume-title":"Robots: Bringing Intelligent Machine to Life","year":"2002","author":"Aylett R.","key":"rf2"},{"volume-title":"Consciousness: An Introduction","author":"Blackmore S.","key":"rf3"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2376.001.0001","volume-title":"Designing Sociable Robots","author":"Breazeal C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"rf5","first-page":"14","volume":"2","author":"Brooks R.","journal-title":"A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot, IEEE Transaction on Robotics and Automation"},{"volume-title":"In Our Own Image: Building an Artificial Person","year":"1992","author":"Caudill M.","key":"rf6"},{"volume-title":"The Conscious Mind","year":"1996","author":"Chalmers D.","key":"rf7"},{"volume-title":"Knowledge of Language: its Nature, Origin, and Use","year":"1986","author":"Chomsky N.","key":"rf8"},{"volume-title":"The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul","year":"1994","author":"Crick F.","key":"rf9"},{"key":"rf10","first-page":"133","volume":"349","author":"Dennett D.","journal-title":"The Practical Requirements for Making a Conscious Robot, Philosophical actions of the Royal Society"},{"volume":"5","journal-title":"Special Issue on Cognitive Humanoid Robots, International Journal of Humanoid Robotics","author":"Dillmann R.","key":"rf11"},{"volume-title":"Artificial Minds","year":"1995","author":"Franklin S.","key":"rf12"},{"volume":"5","journal-title":"International Journal of Humanoid Robotics","author":"Hagita N.","key":"rf13"},{"volume-title":"On Intelligence","year":"2004","author":"Hawkins J.","key":"rf14"},{"volume-title":"Humanoid Robots","year":"2005","author":"Kajita S.","key":"rf17"},{"volume-title":"Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project","year":"1990","author":"Lenat D.","key":"rf18"},{"volume-title":"Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation","year":"1992","author":"Levy S.","key":"rf19"},{"volume-title":"Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence","year":"1990","author":"Moravec H.","key":"rf20"},{"volume-title":"An Introduction to AI Robotics","year":"2000","author":"Murphy R. 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