{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T13:23:59Z","timestamp":1705411439953},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Human. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Recent developments in human\u2013robot interaction show how the ability to communicate with people in a natural way is of great importance for artificial agents. The implementation of facial expressions has been found to significantly increase the interaction capabilities of humanoid robots. For speech, displaying a correct articulation with sound is mandatory to avoid audiovisual illusions like the McGurk effect (leading to comprehension errors) as well as to enhance the intelligibility in noisy conditions. This work describes the design, construction and testing of an animatronic talking face developed for the iCub robot. This talking head has an articulated jaw and four independent lip movements actuated by five motors. It is covered by a specially designed elastic tissue cover whose hemlines at the lips are attached to the motors via connecting linkages. The mechanical design and the control scheme have been evaluated by speech intelligibility in noise (SPIN) perceptual tests that demonstrate an absolute 10% intelligibility gain provided by the jaw and lip movements over the audio-only display. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219843615500267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T03:33:46Z","timestamp":1437622426000},"page":"1550026","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design and Validation of a Talking Face for the iCub"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Parmiggiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iCub Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30 16163, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iCub Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30 16163, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Maggiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iCub Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30 16163, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Metta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iCub Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30 16163, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Elisei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISPA Lab, Speech &amp; Cognition Dpt., CNRS\/Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISPA Lab, Speech &amp; Cognition Dpt., CNRS\/Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00372-X"},{"key":"rf2","first-page":"218","volume":"2","author":"Wade E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paladyn"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843612500272"},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/rep.2003.83.1.97"},{"key":"rf8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2376.001.0001","volume-title":"Designing Sociable Robots","author":"Breazeal C. 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