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J. Human. Robot."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Developing high-performance flexible actuators is one of the key technological approaches to promote bionic robots (including humanoid robots) and their bio-inspired organisms from a similar shape to a closer performance. To systematically and comprehensively reveal the biological mechanism and action mechanism behind the excellent performance of skeletal muscles, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of flexible actuators with high performance, this paper proposes an experimental analysis on the driving performance of skeletal muscles. First, several groups of experiments were designed, and an experimental layout was designed and manufactured accordingly. Second, planned experiments were carried out by using experimental samples that were made with frog skeletal muscles. Third, the relationship between the excellent driving performance of skeletal muscle and its structural mechanism was revealed mainly from aspects of the size of skeletal muscle, tendons and epimysium. On this basis, prospects and suggestions were put forward for the development of flexible actuators, especially for further enhancing their driving performance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219843625500070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T09:03:24Z","timestamp":1756199004000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Experimental Analysis of Skeletal Muscles from the Perspective of Bionic Flexible Driving"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8800-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Gehu Road 21, Changzhou 213164, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqiang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Qinglong Road 59, Mianyang, 621010, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7434-0809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Gehu Road 21, Changzhou 213164, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5512-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Gehu Road 21, Changzhou 213164, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1065-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Qinglong Road 59, Mianyang, 621010, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1814-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shushanhu Road 350, Hefei 230031, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0219843625500070BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2015.13.027"},{"key":"S0219843625500070BIB002","first-page":"982","volume":"20","author":"Ren L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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