{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T07:08:33Z","timestamp":1648883313189},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Comp. Intel. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Research on \"man-machine interface\" has increased in many fields of engineering and its application to facial expressions recognition is expected. The eigenface method by using the principal component analysis (PCA) is popular in this research field. However, it is not easy to compute eigenvectors with a large matrix if the cost of calculation when applying it for time-varying processing is taken into consideration. <\/jats:p><jats:p> In this paper, in order to achieve high-speed PCA, the simple principal component analysis (SPCA) is applied to compress the dimensionality of portions that constitute a face. A value of cos \u03b8 is calculated using an eigenvector by SPCA as well as a gray-scale image vector of each picture pattern. By using neural networks (NNs), the difference in the value of cos \u03b8 between the true and the false (plastic) smiles is clarified and the true smile is discriminated. Finally, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed face classification method for true or false smiles, computer simulations are done with real images. Furthermore, an experiment using the self-organisation map (SOM) is also conducted as a comparison. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s1469026804001215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,17]],"date-time":"2004-09-17T10:44:54Z","timestamp":1095417894000},"page":"153-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["RECOGNITION OF SMILING FACES USING NEURAL NETWORKS AND SPCA"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"04","author":[{"given":"MIYOKO","family":"NAKANO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Fukuoka Prefectural University, 4395 Ita, Tagawa, Fukuoka 825-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FUMIKO","family":"YASUKATA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Fukuoka Prefectural University, 4395 Ita, Tagawa, Fukuoka 825-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MINORU","family":"FUKUMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and Intelligent Systems, University of Tokushima, 2-1, Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.895976"},{"key":"rf2","volume-title":"Facial Action Coding System (FAGS): Manual","author":"Ekman P.","year":"1978"},{"key":"rf3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598232"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.254061"},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299971664"},{"key":"rf6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.799905"},{"key":"rf7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.908962"},{"key":"rf8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506414"},{"key":"rf9","first-page":"3474","volume":"74","author":"Mase K.","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. 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Y.","year":"1993"},{"key":"rf17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97610-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S1469026804001215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:27:20Z","timestamp":1565137640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S1469026804001215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S1469026804001215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s1469026804001215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-0268","1757-5885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-0268","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-5885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}