{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:40:14Z","timestamp":1770122414876,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Math. and Nat. Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development index (DI) of a region is defined by various elements such as geography, population density, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, natural resources, markets, economic development, and other relevant factors. The traditional approach to classification usually depends on the country\u2019s total land area measured in square kilometers. Nevertheless, the transition points between different levels of development size (small, medium, and giant) are highly subjective, resulting in frequent inconsistencies and conflicts. Fuzzy logic, a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic, extends the framework to include partial truth values, ranging from \u201cfully true\u201d\u00a0to \u201ctotally false\u201d. This development is especially essential since human reasoning, particularly commonsense reasoning, is approximate rather than precise. This study offers a model that uses fuzzy logic and the Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) to evaluate nine main cities in Pakistan based on their populations (POPs), gross domestic products (GDPs), and literacy rates (LR). The model includes variables for the antecedents (inputs) and the consequences (outputs). The input variables are the population (POP), GDP, and LR, while the output variable is the DI. The MFIS is used with Python programming tools, including the scikit-fuzzy library for inference and aggregation and matplotlib for graphics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s1793005726500377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T02:46:42Z","timestamp":1735267602000},"page":"773-796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On Urban Development Index of a Country: A Fuzzy Logic and Python Approach"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne E.","family":"Kerre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samina","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2292-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Ghias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atiq Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Punjab 53710, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044910-4.00866-X"},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044910-4.00869-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"S1793005726500377BIB003","first-page":"6","volume":"1","author":"Kumar S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing"},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14445\/22315381\/IJETT-V54P206"},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.03.006"},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB006","unstructured":"C. Wang, A study of membership functions on Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system for industrial decision-making, thesis, Lehigh University (2015)."},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB007","unstructured":"B. Herre and P. Arriagada, The Human Development Index and related indices: What they are and what we can learn from them, https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/human-development-index."},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(75)80002-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"S1793005726500377BIB009","first-page":"012029","volume":"930","author":"Rahim R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"S1793005726500377BIB010","volume-title":"First Course on Fuzzy Theory and Applications","author":"Lee K. H.","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["New Mathematics and Natural Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S1793005726500377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T01:13:19Z","timestamp":1770081199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S1793005726500377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S1793005726500377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s1793005726500377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1793-0057","1793-7027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1793-0057","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-7027","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]}}}