{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T06:33:59Z","timestamp":1782542039036,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The Geant4-DNA project proposes to develop an open-source simulation software based and fully included in the general-purpose Geant4 Monte-Carlo simulation toolkit. The main objective of this software is to simulate biological damages induced by ionizing radiations at the cellular and sub-cellular scale. This project was originally initiated by the European Space Agency for the prediction of the deleterious effects of radiations that may affect astronauts during future long duration space exploration missions. In this paper, the Geant4-DNA collaboration presents an overview of the whole on-going project, including its most recent developments that are available in the Geant4 toolkit since December 2009 (release 9.3), as well as an illustration example simulating the direct irradiation of a biological chromatin fiber. Expected extensions involving several research domains, such as particle physics, chemistry and cellular and molecular biology, within a fully interdisciplinary activity of the Geant4 collaboration are also discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s1793962310000122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T11:16:57Z","timestamp":1277205417000},"page":"157-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":503,"title":["THE GEANT4-DNA PROJECT"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"01","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"INCERTI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucl\u00e9aires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"BALDACCHINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, UMR3299 CEA-CNRS SIS2M, Laboratoire de Radiolyse, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"BERNAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Universidad Simon Bol\u00edvar, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"CAPRA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"CHAMPION","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul Verlaine-Metz, Laboratoire de Physique, Mol\u00e9culaire et des Collisions, 1 Boulevard Arago, Technop\u00f4le 2000, 57078 Metz, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"FRANCIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Suret\u00e9 Nucl\u00e9aire, BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"GU\u00c8YE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampton University, Physics Department, Hampton VA 23668, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"MANTERO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucl\u00e9aires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"MASCIALINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, Box 260, S-171-76, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"MORETTO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux 1, CNRS\/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucl\u00e9aires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, CENBG, Chemin du solarium, BP 120, 33175 Gradignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"NIEMINEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESA-ESTEC, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"VILLAGRASA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Suret\u00e9 Nucl\u00e9aire, BP17, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"ZACHARATOU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/18\/1\/007"},{"key":"rf3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2007.910425"},{"key":"rf4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110050136"},{"key":"rf5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8"},{"key":"rf6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.869826"},{"key":"rf8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2004.832224"},{"key":"rf9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncl422"},{"key":"rf10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncp003"},{"key":"rf11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2005.01.038"},{"key":"rf12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2006.03.130"},{"key":"rf13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.01.274"},{"key":"rf14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.11.020"},{"key":"rf15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2008.0255"},{"key":"rf16","author":"Francis Z.","journal-title":"Appl. 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