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J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> According to the principle of minimum information, new information priority, and difference information, most existing grey forecast models and their improvement are inconsistent with the grey theory. Therefore, a novel discrete multivariable grey model with unequal fractional-order accumulation is proposed. To improve the accuracy and stability of the model, an optimization algorithm for unequal fractional-order is proposed. The proposed model and algorithm are evaluated with four actual cases. The results show that the novel model has better performance and the proposed unequal fractional-order accumulation operator is better than other existing accumulation operators. Considering the energy consumption, the carbon dioxide emissions in the USA have been forecasted to decrease but remain at a high level by using the novel discrete multivariable grey model. 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