{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T10:13:04Z","timestamp":1768644784840,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"04","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R\/FRGS\/A0800\/01655A\/003\/2020\/00720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\/FRGS\/A0800\/01655A\/003\/2020\/00720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Succinic acid, also known as dicarboxylic acid, is one of the biochemical products chemically produced from Escherichia coli (E. coli) metabolism. However, by using conventional methods succinic acid cannot be produced sufficiently and it is costly. Hence, there is a lot of ongoing research on E. coli by using in silico methods. Researchers build computational models of E. coli to analyze and modify their metabolic network. This paper proposes a hybrid of ant colony optimization\u2013genetic algorithm\u2013flux balance analysis (ACOGAFBA) in enhancing the succinic acid production of E. coli by identifying genes to be knocked out. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a swarm intelligent optimization that is inspired based on the natural foraging behavior of ant colony. Local search technique like genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to solve optimization and search problem by approximation. Flux balance analysis (FBA) is used for fitness calculation after gene knockout. FBA identifies a point (fitness) in flux space by using quadratic programming, which is closest to the wild type point. ACOGAFBA produced three sets of gene knockout lists. The dataset [Formula: see text]JR904 is used in this paper. The results show that ACOGAFBA can identify the set of knockout genes to improve succinic acid production in E. coli. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s179396232350040x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T05:22:50Z","timestamp":1674192170000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A hybrid of ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm and flux balance analysis for optimization of succinic acid production in <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jun Bin","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics Research Group, Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yee Wen","family":"Choon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohbalan","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasyiya Karimah","family":"Adli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Akmal","family":"Remli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Arfian","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuwairie","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronics Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Saberi","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Science Lab, Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S179396232350040XBIB001","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Bioinformatics\u2013Trends and Methodologies","author":"Song B.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"S179396232350040XBIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10803","volume":"84","author":"Burgard A. P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"issue":"4","key":"S179396232350040XBIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbp011","volume":"10","author":"Raman K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"issue":"3","key":"S179396232350040XBIB004","first-page":"823","volume":"4","author":"Salami N. M. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"UbiCC J."},{"issue":"2","key":"S179396232350040XBIB005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-010-0492-z","volume":"42","author":"Moradi S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"issue":"3","key":"S179396232350040XBIB006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1614","volume":"28","author":"Orth J. D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"S179396232350040XBIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2003.08.001","volume":"14","author":"Kauffman K. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"S179396232350040XBIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R54","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-9-r54","volume":"4","author":"Reed J. L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"S179396232350040XBIB009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.01.050","volume":"244","author":"Zimenkov D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"S179396232350040XBIB010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.7880-7887.2005","volume":"71","author":"Lee S. J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"S179396232350040XBIB011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.2.461-467.2001","volume":"183","author":"Tseng C. P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"12","key":"S179396232350040XBIB012","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"Yang K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"S179396232350040XBIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.015","volume":"102","author":"Arif M. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"S179396232350040XBIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.09.003","volume":"28","author":"Yoo M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"S179396232350040XBIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817536-1.00014-X","volume-title":"Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production","author":"Bharadwaj S. V.","year":"2020"},{"key":"S179396232350040XBIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.107","volume":"149","author":"Shanmugam S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S179396232350040X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T09:02:49Z","timestamp":1695805369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S179396232350040X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S179396232350040X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s179396232350040x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1793-9623","1793-9615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1793-9623","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-9615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"article-number":"2350040"}}