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Sys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) strategy for four in-wheel motor actuated electric vehicles (4-IWM EVs). Current studies on 4-IWM EVs mainly focus on a single objective. We propose a novel vehicle modeling method and a hierarchical MPC to address comprehensive problems of 4-IWM EVs in improving the vehicle\u2019s efficiency and comfort while achieving accurate velocity tracking. The upper MPC aims to accurately track the desired velocity trajectory and the lower torque distribution controller aims to allocate the torque of each in-wheel motors to improve driving efficiency and comfort. 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