{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:00:07Z","timestamp":1787619607243,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2023J011125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J011125"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","award":["2022J05202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J05202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Neur. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), a prototypical neurodegenerative disorder, poses significant challenges for early diagnosis. Motivated by recent advances in representation learning, a novel EEG-based diagnostic framework for PD, termed the time\u2013frequency decoupling contrastive learning network (TDCNet), is introduced. The framework adopts collaborative contrastive learning between an online network and a momentum network to optimize latent representations in a self-supervised manner. It incorporates a temporal-evolution contrastive loss together with a frequency-aware contrastive loss, enabling adaptive decoupling of dynamic fluctuations and rhythmic patterns in EEG signals. Furthermore, structured pseudo-labels are constructed at the subject level to promote aggregation of intra-subject samples within the latent space. Ground-truth labels are introduced only in a downstream classifier for supervised evaluation. TDCNet achieves accuracies ranging from 95% to 99% across three public datasets under subject-dependent evaluation and 73% to 89% under subject-independent evaluation, consistently outperforming existing approaches. Additional analyses on datasets with available medication annotations (UC and UNM) suggest that medication status may potentially contribute to improved diagnostic performance. Brain-region investigations further reveal that central electrodes play a dominant role, yielding accuracies of 78% to 88% under subject-independent settings. Extensive ablation studies and comparative experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed framework and provide new insights into EEG-based PD diagnosis. The code is publicly available at https:\/\/github.com\/Mike007-netizen\/TDCNet n.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065726500486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T14:13:38Z","timestamp":1779459218000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Time\u2013Frequency Decoupled Contrastive Learning Framework for Electroencephalography-Based Parkinson\u2019s Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6161-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunwu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, P. R. China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5232-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4239-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau 999078, P. R. China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4766-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6925-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.008"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.3.369"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500303"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500820"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065724500436"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2026.112146"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02705-x"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.10.036"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0353-9"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.12.010"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1888"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.04.008"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43075-6_38"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.08.001"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3689-5"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.957181"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB017","first-page":"158","volume-title":"2021 10th Int. IEEE\/EMBS Conf. Neural Engineering (NER)","author":"Shaban M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123796"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56578\/ataiml040304"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-023-09884-2"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500108"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S012906572550025X"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.01.011"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB024","unstructured":"A. Lensky, Oscillatory signatures of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Central and parietal EEG alterations across multiple frequency bands, preprint (2025), arXiv:2503.12392."},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM58861.2023.10385841"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2023.101352"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB027","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2023 45th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Kurbatskaya A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500509"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3432633"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2022.3164516"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2025.1521805"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB032","unstructured":"M. Cerna and A. F. Harvey, The fundamentals of FFT-based signal analysis and measurement, Application Note 041, National Instruments (2000)."},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/557\/1\/012032"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0113-09.2009"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00975"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB036","first-page":"1597","volume-title":"Int. Conf. Machine Learning","author":"Chen T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00158-x"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07886","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07886","volume":"4","author":"Watrous A. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB041","volume":"10","author":"Rockhill A. P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"OpenNeuro"},{"issue":"267","key":"S0129065726500486BIB042","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Gramfort A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01277-y"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i8.20881"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-023-01284-x"},{"key":"S0129065726500486BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065723500557"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0129065726500486","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:59:38Z","timestamp":1783299578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0129065726500486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0129065726500486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0129065726500486","relation":{},"ISSN":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0129-0657","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"article-number":"2650048"}}