{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:28:20Z","timestamp":1793604500364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"04","funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62376241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62376241"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2022YFE0140400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0140400"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Graduate Innovation Funding Project","award":["CXZZBS2025062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2025062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Neur. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Asynchronous steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) show great potential for real-world control, yet their performance is often impaired by phase shifts between ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and fixed-phase templates. In this study, we observed and validated a phase-sliding oscillation (PSO) phenomenon: when a fixed-phase template is used, phase-sliding trajectories derived from sliding-window sequences with different initial phases exhibit stable periodic oscillations locked to the stimulus frequency. Based on this finding, we propose a PSO-based asynchronous classification (PSO-AC) method. Specifically, EEG signals are reconstructed into sequences with varying initial phases and transformed into stable time\u2013frequency representations via the wavelet synchrosqueezing transform to extract phase-decoupled features. A probabilistic temporal model is then used to characterize temporal dynamics and distinguish control from noncontrol states. Offline experiments (n = 22) showed that PSO-AC achieved a mean control\/noncontrol accuracy of 94.2% with a 2[Formula: see text]s data length, outperforming a state-of-the-art baseline. It also maintained superior performance in nine-class classification under different time delays. In online robotic-arm experiments, PSO-AC enabled more stable command triggering and higher control efficiency, reducing the command cost per successful trial from 4.30 to 1.14.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0129065727500225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T02:30:13Z","timestamp":1787279413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploiting Phase-Sliding Oscillations for Robust Asynchronous Brain\u2013Computer Interface Control"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9390-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7646-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Neural Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei Province, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7578-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6492-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5651-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0138-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingshu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Neural Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei Province, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.04.003"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414549015"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0035"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-020-01639-x"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-1113-4"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz121"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-39"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3185262"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3218102"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.6.4"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.886577"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/4\/046008"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00627"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2975552"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2694818"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3114340"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2023.3333435"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105220"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44645-x"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124145"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2972747"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3275547"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2024.3516733"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193171"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591011"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3246359"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad1054"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2253801"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508080112"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00031-0"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065724500461"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065724500606"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acha.2010.08.002"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tal.1312"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.047"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.341-342.634"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101687"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S012906572550073X"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065724500692"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500091"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065724500023"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065721500593"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065722500344"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065725500820"},{"key":"S0129065727500225BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3496727"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0129065727500225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:06:50Z","timestamp":1793603210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0129065727500225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0129065727500225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0129065727500225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0129-0657","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6462","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"article-number":"2750022"}}