{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:24:16Z","timestamp":1790331856971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"03n04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Chin. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of cryptosporidiosis using pine bark extract (Pycnogenol\u00ae) in immunosuppressed adult C57BL\/6N mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum was investigated. Five groups of 10 mice\/group were used. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 served as normal, toxicity, placebo, and positive controls, respectively. Mice in groups 2\u20145 were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone phosphate administered ad libitum in drinking water at a dosage level of 12 \u03bcg\/ml. Mice in groups 3\u20145 were inoculated per os with 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>C. parvum oocysts on the day immunosuppression was started. Mice in groups 2 and 4 were treated by administering Pycnogenol\u00ae orally at 30 mg\/kg\/day. In group 4, Pycnogenol\u00ae was first administered on day 3 postinoculation. Of the four groups of mice immunosuppressed with DEXp (groups 2\u20145), the two groups treated with Pycnogenol\u00ae (groups 2 and 4) had no premature deaths. The other two groups (groups 3 and 5) had 3 and 4 mice die, respectively, before the experiment ended. Consequently, Pycnogenol\u00ae was judged to be non-toxic at the dosage level used and even afforded mice some positive health benefits. Fecal oocyst shedding in groups 3\u20145 was initially detected on day 3 postinoculation. These mice continued to shed oocysts throughout the duration of the 28-day experiment. Oocyst shedding intensities were greater in group 3 and 5 than in group 4. However, histological examination of infected intestinal tissues in groups 3\u20145 revealed no significant difference with regard to parasite colonization and villus\/crypt (V\/C) length ratios. As a result, Pycnogenol\u00ae was determined to be therapeutically effective against C. parvum at 30 mg\/kg\/day only when measured by fecal oocyst shedding intensity. There was no effect on parasite tissue colonization and V\/C ratios in infected mice. We conclude that Pycnogenol\u00ae is a useful dietary supplement for C. parvum-infected patients by affording some positive health benefits, significantly reduces fecal oocyst shedding, but does not decrease parasite colonization of intestinal tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x01000484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,28]],"date-time":"2003-10-28T09:41:09Z","timestamp":1067334069000},"page":"469-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Pine Bark Extract Administered to Immunosuppressed Adult Mice Infected with<i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hyeon Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Healey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282084"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"111","author":"Blagburn J.M.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Florida"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.38.12.1321"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"329","author":"Current W.L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Edward Arnold"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.4.458-483.1986","volume":"50","author":"Fayer R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiological Review"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.33584\/jnzg.1999.61.2363","volume":"61","author":"Molan A.L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"1160","volume":"115","author":"Moore J.A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(00)00009-X"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.3.313"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)E0059-V"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00090-8"},{"key":"p_16","first-page":"130","author":"Riggs M.W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Florida"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515352"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601043340104"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00430-9"},{"key":"p_21","first-page":"419","volume":"70","author":"White A.C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Disease"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283772"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0192415X01000484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T11:06:57Z","timestamp":1623496017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S0192415X01000484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03n04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0192415X01000484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0192415x01000484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-415X","1793-6853"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-415X","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6853","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}}}