{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:05:38Z","timestamp":1794002738315,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Chin. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A variety of products have been developed with red ginseng (RG, the steamed roots of Panax ginseng Meyer). To clarify the immunomodulating effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), enzyme-treated eRG (ERG) and probiotic-fermented eRG (FRG), we examined their immunopotentiating and immunosuppressive effects in mice with cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression (CI) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis (TC). Oral administration of RG in CI mice significantly increased blood IFN-[Formula: see text] levels. Treatment with RG also increased the tumoricidal effects of CI mouse splenic cytotoxic T (Tc) and NK cells against YAC-1 cells. Treatment with RGs, in particular FRG and wRG, significantly increased Th1 cell differentiation. Treatment with RG except wRG increased Treg cell differentiation. However, wRG alone increased IL-6 and IL-17 expression in the colon of CI mice. Furthermore, RG alleviated colitis in TC mice. FRG most potently suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, NF-[Formula: see text]B activation and TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-17 expression and increased IL-10 expression. RGs inhibited TNF-[Formula: see text] expression and increased IL-10 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary macrophages in vitro while the differentiation of splenic T cells into type 1 T (Th1) and regulatory T (Treg) cells was increased by FRG in vitro. In conclusion, FRG can alleviate immunosuppression and inflammation by inhibiting macrophage activation and regulating Th1 and Treg cell differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x18500945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T04:30:38Z","timestamp":1544070638000},"page":"1879-1897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Fermented Red Ginseng Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Regulating Macrophage Activation and T Cell Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jeon-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se-Eun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Sun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Min","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Hyun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0192415X18500945BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2005.00021.x"},{"key":"S0192415X18500945BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03327.x"},{"key":"S0192415X18500945BIB003","first-page":"1805","volume":"46","author":"Bear H.D.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"S0192415X18500945BIB004","first-page":"365","volume":"3","author":"Blach-Olszewska Z.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. 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