{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:18:04Z","timestamp":1792840684558,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C2009817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C2009817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["23R1A2C1003481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23R1A2C1003481"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Chin. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Ginseng is a well-established functional food for brain health. However, its active ingredients have not yet been identified. Gintonin is a promising compound isolated from white\/red ginseng. Its lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an exogenous G protein-coupled LPA receptor (LPAR) agonist. Korean red ginseng marc (KRGM) is a by-product after KRG extractions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that KRGM-derived gintonin (KRGM-G) contains LPA C[Formula: see text], a major functional component of both white and red ginseng. [Formula: see text] transgenic mice and SH-SY5Y cells were used to determine molecular mechanisms involved in KRGM-G-mediated anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) effects. KRGM-G improved cognition impairment associated with alleviation of amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation in the brain (hippocampus and cortex) in [Formula: see text] mice. KRGM-G inhibited activation of inflammatory cells (Iba-1-positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocyte) and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, iNOS, or NO) in the brains of [Formula: see text] mice, increased the viability of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-induced SH-SY5Y cells, and down-regulated the p38 MAPK, NF-\u03baB p65, and STAT3 signaling pathways. KRGM-G also prevented the formation of reactive oxygen species and stimulated the Nrf2-HO-1\/4-HNE signaling pathway in the brains of [Formula: see text] mice and SH-SY5Y cells. Interestingly, these positive effects of KRGM-G on AD-related symptoms and immunopathology were associated with up-regulation of LPAR1 in the brains of [Formula: see text] mice. These results suggest that KRGM-G might improve AD-related cognitive dysfunction by stimulating the anti-oxidant pathway (Nrf2) and inhibiting inflammatory pathways (p38\/NF-\u03baB\/STAT3) through LPAR1. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x25500028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T06:51:16Z","timestamp":1739775076000},"page":"17-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Korean Red Ginseng Marc-Derived Gintonin Improves Alzheimer\u2019s Cognitive Dysfunction by Upregulating LPAR1"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5813-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujeong","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Ho","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2729-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Sung","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5296-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Woo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Hee","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Kil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Yeol","family":"Nah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ik-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt273"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.1"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856376"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.11.006"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144138"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2022.11.001"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.004"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810155"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.07.042"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01938-w"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00951-0"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1555-8"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.12.002"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00279-0"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113652"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2013.12.002"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.11.007"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10059-012-2216-z"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120439"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9741"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.017"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1020-1"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020320"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.10.006"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2015.0116"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02966-9"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02251-0"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.02.001"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11556"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00575"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05002-x"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0116-1"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.001"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9131-4"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9012-2"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112574"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2023.06.005"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.04.009"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2021.100773"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.11.1790"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.007"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111703"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/480739"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15104-2"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-012-0254-4"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02565-0"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.2c01369"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00404-2"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.10.027"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416618-9.00013-3"},{"key":"S0192415X25500028BIB051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.710473"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0192415X25500028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T03:25:30Z","timestamp":1740540330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0192415X25500028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0192415X25500028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0192415x25500028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-415X","1793-6853"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-415X","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6853","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}