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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), a plant with dual medicinal and edible properties, has been utilized for over two millennia, and is widely distributed across temperate to frigid zones in the Northern Hemisphere. In ancient China, it was revered as the \u201cimmortals\u2019 surplus grain,\u201d and the classical medical text \u201cMing Yi Bie Lu\u201d documents its health benefits. These benefits include \u201ctonifying the middle jiao, replenishing qi, dispelling rheumatism, and harmonizing the five viscera,\u201d which particularly emphasizes the efficacy of PR in both nourishing the liver and kidneys and prolonging lifespan. Modern studies reveal that PR rhizomes are rich in fructans, non-starch polysaccharides, amino acids, and other nutritional components, and their primary active constituents include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds exhibit anti-aging, antidepressant, anti-osteoporotic, and neuroprotective activities. Notably, raw PR contains calcium oxalate raphides, which induce an irritating sensation in the throat. However, processing can not only mitigate this irritation but also enhance its anti-oxidant and anti-aging capacities. Although progress has been made toward understanding its polysaccharides and saponins, the mechanisms underlying its other critical components, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and oligosaccharides, remain underexplored. This review systematically examines the geographic distribution, traditional and modern applications, and pharmacological activities of PR, and the transformation patterns of key bioactive constituents that occur during its processing. Furthermore, it critically addresses research gaps, and particularly addresses both the relative lack of mechanistic studies on functional components and the lack of correlation between processing-induced compositional changes, pharmacological efficacy, and quality control. These insights contribute to advancing PR exploration, promoting sustainable utilization, and establishing scientific evidence-based quality standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x26500084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T03:08:31Z","timestamp":1769396911000},"page":"229-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polygonati Rhizoma: Geographic Distribution, Traditional Use, Component Transformation, Pharmacological Activity, and Clinical Application"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0906-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0664-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5122-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenguang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6800-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baozhong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4905-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzhe","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-4804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianlong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0192415X26500084BIB001","first-page":"3951","volume":"20","author":"Cai J.L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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