{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:37:48Z","timestamp":1790048268402,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"03","funder":[{"name":"NNational Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3501800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3501800"]}]},{"name":"NNational Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3501801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3501801"]}]},{"name":"NNational Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFE0200300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0200300"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine","award":["24HHZYSS00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24HHZYSS00002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine","award":["25HHZYSS00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25HHZYSS00004"]}]},{"name":"Financial support was provided by the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin","award":["24ZXZSSS00260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZXZSSS00260"]}]},{"name":"Special Research Project on Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["GZY-KJS-2025-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZY-KJS-2025-053"]}]},{"name":"National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["ZYYCXTD-D-202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYCXTD-D-202406"]}]},{"name":"Joint fund for regional innovation and development of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U25A20170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20170"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Chin. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition driven by the intertwined interplay of gut dysbiosis, immune perturbation, and metabolic imbalance. Current single-target therapies often fail to durably restore homeostasis in this complex ecosystem, and have thereby increased interest in diet-based holistic interventions. Plants traditionally used as both food and medicine, such as Crataegus pinnatifida, Ganoderma lucidum, and Codonopsis pilosula, are natural products that possess both nutritional and therapeutic attributes. The use of such plants is commonly referred to as medicinal food homology (MFH) in East Asian literature. Their multi-component nature offers the potential to modulate intestinal homeostasis through multi-target synergy. This review systematically discusses how MFH regulates the \u201cmicrobiota\u2013metabolite\u2013immune\u201d axis via key bioactive constituents like polysaccharides, curcumin, and geniposide. Specifically, these constituents differentially influence short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, oxidative stress, and bile-acid signaling to thereby enable integrated regulation of the gut micro-ecosystem and host immune function. In parallel, we critically address the translational challenges of extrapolating animal-model findings to clinical applications, and propose a precision-intervention framework that integrates chemical standardization, multi-omics, artificial intelligence, and advanced ex vivo validation models to both overcome MFH\u2019s intrinsic complexity and facilitate evidence-based, personalized IBD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x26500291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:28:30Z","timestamp":1777260510000},"page":"795-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medicinal and Edible Plants for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Synergistic Modulation of the Microbiota\u2013Metabolite\u2013Immune Axis"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6872-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5979-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"},{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0820-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"},{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"},{"name":"Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.01.011"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3A1218-476RR"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3350-9"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.45"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106810"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908128116"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01200B"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000130"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB010","first-page":"2413","volume":"61","author":"Chen H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Sin."},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.10.003"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900010-JLR200"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100802"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.014"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13047"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122481"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817376116"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22730"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.1c00267"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.006"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5706152"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000159"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.137"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118231"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.043"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06190-4"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1785-z"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.033"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080988"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00564-1"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c11101"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22969"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04411"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.921075"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1489"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.009"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.119"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112775"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c01166"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109613"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309940"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04430D"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116958"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB050","first-page":"1","volume":"2023","author":"Li X.-H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118558"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22040"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130585"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133395"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.01.049"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1538302"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0208-2"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7734"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.41"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5313-z"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.064"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.094"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00353-8"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1157572"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267143"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.028"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2018.1530454"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4126273"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.80"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108456"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01145"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1219072"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000155"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.03.018"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02070"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310746"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38360-5"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115430"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100246"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.592084"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2025.100855"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap8914"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.798038"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05339"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52768-7"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1352-z"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c05793"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01652"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156150"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v63.1559"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2024.9250078"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14176"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155730"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020203"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.009"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1675065"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00072-19"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201800989"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2377567"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2010.505188"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.956378"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156791"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700105"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1432744"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000104"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02523J"},{"key":"S0192415X26500291BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.939377"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0192415X26500291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T09:15:56Z","timestamp":1778231756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0192415X26500291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0192415X26500291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0192415x26500291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-415X","1793-6853"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-415X","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6853","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}