{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:02:05Z","timestamp":1784606525132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd","issue":"05","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005147","name":"Applied Basic Research Key Project of Yunnan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202101AZ070001-326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AZ070001-326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Chin. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease driven by immune dysregulation, intestinal microbiota imbalance, and disruption of the mucosal barrier. Current clinical management is challenged by high relapse rates and significant interindividual variability in drug responses. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has shown unique therapeutic advantages in UC treatment through multi-targeted interventions such as the modulation of the immune\u2013microbiota axis, restoration of mucosal integrity, and reduction of oxidative stress. However, two major bottlenecks, the complex pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviors of multi-component systems and the lack of personalized dosing strategies, hinder the optimization of its clinical efficacy. This review emphasizes the PK underpinnings of TCM therapy for UC by integrating current knowledge on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics, both PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) and analytical modeling advances, and PK-informed strategies that facilitate individualized clinical use. By integrating PK profiling with patient-specific variables, this review aims both to provide a theoretical and methodological framework for precision TCM in UC management and to ultimately facilitate a paradigm shift from empirical therapy to quantitatively optimized interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x26500503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:05:36Z","timestamp":1783649136000},"page":"1357-1390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: From Pharmacokinetics to Personalized Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2706-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingju","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5076-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6477-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gege","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2736-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2409-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Southern Medicinal Materials, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01169-4"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13893"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0676-z"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3454"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB005","first-page":"81","volume":"17","author":"Cao S.Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.05.001"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB006a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106570"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB007","first-page":"1164","volume":"23","author":"Chen Y.F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cent. South Pharm."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.1875013"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108775"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac101"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115690"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11121509"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118276"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104427"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.10.005"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2015.1029634"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109777"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2002.127773"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i16.1766"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/264317"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404908"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9129984"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2018.1523486"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200218666170531111624"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.08.028"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113039"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01289-6"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-018-0509-3"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB029","first-page":"1345852","volume":"2022","author":"Huang C.Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1445838"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123099"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1292-z"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-1155-1"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020161"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00146"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1360972"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116430"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01277-w"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303016"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.164121"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB042","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"Liu L.L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116055"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01036"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156665"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153438"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01291-y"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.996143"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB049","first-page":"41","volume":"42","author":"Lu X.L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.010"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117990"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110189"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9929093"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241700021X"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12643"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116888"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057414"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119714"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155142"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB060","first-page":"1447","volume":"33","author":"Ren Y.H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod. J. Integr. Tradit. Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i23.2846"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404274"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.003"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB063a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.12.007"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107627"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2019.10.006"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.738152"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037094"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.12.015"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3330"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04695-7"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115919"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112991"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27530"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.10.002"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB076","first-page":"1035","volume":"46","author":"Wang X.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liaoning J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB077","first-page":"3319646","volume":"2022","author":"Wu X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-04237-9"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109934"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB080","first-page":"159","volume":"37","author":"Xu N.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Food Hyg."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113251"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB082","first-page":"541","volume":"27","author":"Yang J.H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tradit. Chin. Drug Res. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020835"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118329"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01896E"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB086","first-page":"2332","volume":"32","author":"Yuan H.C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112872"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S293961"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.995641"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155416"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB091","first-page":"754","volume":"44","author":"Zhang Z.W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jilin J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB092","first-page":"3323","volume":"30","author":"Zhang J.T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00591-x"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00793-x"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5536679"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00958-2"},{"key":"S0192415X26500503BIB097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx180.167"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/S0192415X26500503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:08:33Z","timestamp":1784603313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/10.1142\/S0192415X26500503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1142\/S0192415X26500503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0192415x26500503","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-415X","1793-6853"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-415X","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-6853","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}