{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T20:34:59Z","timestamp":1781901299826,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The use of gypsum based mortar can be traced back over 4500 years. In Germany, in the vicinity of natural gypsum outcrops, in addition to lime mortars, calcium sulphate based mortars were widely used for joints in exterior walls of sacred buildings. There are several medieval buildings with well-preserved calcium sulphate-based mortars. The high water solubility of gypsum (CaSO\n            <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n            \u20222H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O) is a disadvantage that makes it difficult in general to handle calcium sulphate based building materials in areas exposed to weathering. Physico-mechanical as well as mineralogical investigations of historic calcium sulphate based mortars have shown that long-term weathered mortars have a much denser microstructure, larger average grain sizes, and a higher compressive strength than laboratory prepared mortars. Porosity models of these mortars will be presented which are helpful to prepare calcium sulphate based mortars with a higher water resistance for restoration purposes. The reason for the change of crystal size and morphology as well as of porosity and strength can be explained by crystallization and recrystallization processes of these calcium sulphate based mortars, as a consequence of long-term weathering. Since it is obvious that crystal size and its distribution have an enormous effect on the weathering resistance, the development of mortars with comparable structural properties is of present interest. In current use are chemical additives which modify the morphology and size of gypsum crystals of set mortars. Another possibility to influence the weathering resistance is the addition of hydraulic and\/or latent hydraulic admixtures.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/gsl.sp.2002.205.01.13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,19]],"date-time":"2007-09-19T19:45:42Z","timestamp":1190231142000},"page":"165-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Physico-mechanical and microstructural characteristics of historic and restoration mortars based on gypsum: current knowledge and perspective"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Middendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Kassel, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Materials\rMoenchebergstrasse 7, D-34125 Kassel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Berneth C.-P. Poch W. Ruf H.\nEurop\u00e4ische Patentanmeldung 0 427064 A2 Hydraulisches Bindemittel und seine Verwendung 1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"1523","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Brick\/Block Masonry Conference","volume":"3","author":"Cioni P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cioni P. Small thickness brick vaults in Tuscany: theirs characteristics and consolidation 1991 3 Proceedings of the 9th International Brick\/Block Masonry Conference Berlin, Germany 1523 1530"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Dondl V.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift 2 222486 Verfahren zur Verbesserung von M\u00f6rtelmassen 1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Gerhardinger D. Mayer H. Mittermeier J.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift DE 44 19257 A1 Verfahren zur wasserabweisenden Impr\u00e4gnierung von Gips 1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Kassautzki M.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift DE 37 43467 A1 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Baustoffes und Bindemittels mit erh\u00f6hter Wasserbest\u00e4ndigkeit 1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Koschany R. Fietsch G. Vogt H.\nPatentschrift DE 79 948 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Erzeugnissen aus CaSO4-Bindemitteln alkalisch reagierenden Bindemitteln und Industrieanfallstoffen 1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Koslowski T. Ludwig U. Fr\u00f6hlich A.\nPatenschrift DE 38 43625 C2 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines nach dem Anmachen mit Wasser schnellerstarrenden hydraulischen Bindemittels mit definierter Wasserfestigkeit der daraus hergestellten erh\u00e4rteten Masse 1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Lelong B.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift 2 222490 Schnellerh\u00e4rtende Gussmischung auf Gipsbasis mit hoher Dichte und verl\u00e4ngerter Gie\u00dfbarkeitsdauer 1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Gipsstein und Gipsm\u00f6rtel als Baustoffe im alten Windsheim","volume":"8","author":"Lucas H. G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lucas H. G. Gipsstein und Gipsm\u00f6rtel als Baustoffe im alten Windsheim Der Stuckateur 1986 8 27 32","journal-title":"Der Stuckateur"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Modifizierung der Eigenschaften des Chemiegipses mit Hilfe verschiedener Zusatzmittel","volume":"2","author":"Matyszweski T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Matyszweski T., Burdzinska T., Saladajczyk A. Modifizierung der Eigenschaften des Chemiegipses mit Hilfe verschiedener Zusatzmittel TIZ-Fachberichte Rohstoff-Engineering 1980 2 89 91","journal-title":"TIZ-Fachberichte Rohstoff-Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Middendorf B., Budelmann H. Effects of different additives on microstructural developments in gypsum based materials 1995 Proceedings of the Fifth Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials Leuven, Belgium 40 49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Cement Microscopy","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Middendorf B., Budelmann H. Evaluation and optimisation of calciumsulfate based flooring plaster with regards to water resistance 1998 Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Cement Microscopy USA 246 258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Conservation of Historic Brick Structures: Case Studies and Reports of Research","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Middendorf B., Kn\u00f6fel D. , Baer N. S. , et al. Gypsum and lime mortars of historic German brick buildings: analytical results as well as requirements for adapted restoration material Conservation of Historic Brick Structures: Case Studies and Reports of Research 1998a Dorset, England Donhead Publishing 197 208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Conservation of Historic Brick Structures: Case Studies and Reports of Research","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Middendorf B., Kn\u00f6fel D. , Baer N. S. , et al. Characterisation of historic mortars from secular and religious buildings in Germany and the Netherlands Conservation of Historic Brick Structures: Case Studies and Reports of Research 1998b Dorset, England Donhead Publishing 180 196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"REM-Untersuchungen der Einfl\u00fcsseverschiedener Verz\u00f6gerer und Zusatzmittel auf die Bindemittelausbildung in Zement- bzw","volume":"25","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Middendorf B., B\u00f6ttger K. G., Kn\u00f6fel D. REM-Untersuchungen der Einfl\u00fcsseverschiedener Verz\u00f6gerer und Zusatzmittel auf die Bindemittelausbildung in Zement- bzw Gipsm\u00f6rtelmischungen. Beitr\u00e4ge Elektronenmikroskopische Direktabbildungen von Oberfl\u00e4chen 1992 25 215 222","journal-title":"Gipsm\u00f6rtelmischungen. Beitr\u00e4ge Elektronenmikroskopische Direktabbildungen von Oberfl\u00e4chen"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"12. Internationale Baustofftagung ibausil","volume":"2","author":"Middendorf B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Middendorf B., Z\u00f6ller A., Kn\u00f6fel D. Gips-Kalk-Fugenm\u00f6rtel f\u00fcr die Anwendung im Au\u00dfenbereich historischer Ziegelgeb\u00e4ude 1994 2 12. Internationale Baustofftagung ibausil Weimar, Germany 31 40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Zusammenh\u00e4nge zwischen Porengef\u00fcge und Festigkeit abgebundener Gipspasten, Teil II: Einfluss chemischer Zus\u00e4tze","volume":"8","author":"Odler I.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Odler I., R\u00f6\u00dfler M. Zusammenh\u00e4nge zwischen Porengef\u00fcge und Festigkeit abgebundener Gipspasten, Teil II: Einfluss chemischer Zus\u00e4tze Zement-Kalk-Gips 1989 8 419 424","journal-title":"Zement-Kalk-Gips"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Psader J. Hermann G.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift DE 37 42913 A1 Verwendung von Gipsbaustoffen als Klebe-bzw. Verfugmasse 1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Einfluss des Festigkeitsgehaltes auf die Druckfestigkeit kleiner Gipsw\u00fcrfel","volume":"8","author":"Russel J. J.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Russel J. J. Einfluss des Festigkeitsgehaltes auf die Druckfestigkeit kleiner Gipsw\u00fcrfel Zement-Kalk-Gips 1960 8 345 351","journal-title":"Zement-Kalk-Gips"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"1932","article-title":"Sch\u00e4den, Schutz und Sicherungsma\u00dfnahmen bei Bauten mit Gipsm\u00f6rtel","volume":"1","author":"R\u00fcth G.","year":"1932","unstructured":"R\u00fcth G. Sch\u00e4den, Schutz und Sicherungsma\u00dfnahmen bei Bauten mit Gipsm\u00f6rtel Der Bautenschutz 1932 1 & 3 1932","journal-title":"Der Bautenschutz"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Die Anwendung von Citronens\u00e4ure und deren Salze als Abbindeverz\u00f6gerer f\u00fcr Gips \u2014 Eine Literatur\u00fcbersicht","volume":"105","author":"Schmidt P.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Schmidt P. Die Anwendung von Citronens\u00e4ure und deren Salze als Abbindeverz\u00f6gerer f\u00fcr Gips \u2014 Eine Literatur\u00fcbersicht Tonindustrie Zeitung 1981 105 1 27 30","journal-title":"Tonindustrie Zeitung"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Sellers D. Altmann F. A. Richards T. W.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift De 41 24892 A1 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines wasserbest\u00e4ndigen Gipsgemisches 1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-0618(92)90030-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00018-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(96)85032-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Stanzinger E. Neuner K.-H. Wintzheimer E. Martin J.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift DE 41 28424 A1 Verfahren zur Herstellung von wasserabweisenden por\u00f6sen Gipsformk\u00f6rpern 1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Steinbach H.-H. Rieder M.\nEuropean Patent 0 171018 B1 Verfahren zur Herstellung wasserabweisender por\u00f6ser Formk\u00f6rper aus Gips 1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Gipsestrich und -m\u00f6rtel: Alte Techniken wiederbeleben","volume":"10","author":"Steinbrecher M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Steinbrecher M. Gipsestrich und -m\u00f6rtel: Alte Techniken wiederbeleben Bausubstanz 1992 10 59 61","journal-title":"Bausubstanz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Sanierung von Kirchenbauten an der Elbe","volume":"5","author":"Werner A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Werner A. Sanierung von Kirchenbauten an der Elbe Bausubstanz 1986 5 36 40","journal-title":"Bausubstanz"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Wethmar H. Baier H.\nPatent-Offenlegungsschrift DE 38 31671 A1 Wasserfester Gips \u2014 Gipszement 1988"}],"container-title":["Geological Society, London, Special Publications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T16:03:07Z","timestamp":1721750587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.13"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/UrlRedirectHandler.ashx?routename=books&chapterdoi=10.1144\/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.13&request=chapter","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/GSL.SP.2002.205.01.13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/gsl.sp.2002.205.01.13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-8719","2041-4927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-8719","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-4927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}