{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:12:53Z","timestamp":1761595973047},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]],"date-time":"2011-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303862400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Recent research has raised concerns about the potential influence of rapid climate change on the stability of major ice sheets. The behaviour of glaciers is determined largely by the processes and conditions operating at their base. Technological advances have allowed these factors to be examined and their contribution to ice flow constrained. This study investigated the rapid disintegration of an aquatic based Norwegian glacier, through the study of boreholes, video, ground-penetrating radar, differential global positioning system, bathymetry and Glacsweb wireless probes. Briksdalsbreen retreated dramatically between 2000 and 2007, with\n            <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n            . 56 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n            m\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            of ice lost from the glacier tongue, equivalent to a rate of 70 m a\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            . This was due to the combined effect of higher summer temperatures, decreased precipitation (resulting from a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation) and increased fracturing of the glacier tongue. The enlargement of a proglacial lake played a key role in Brikdalsbreen's rapid retreat, allowing calving events and promoting crevassing and fluctuating water contents at the glacier margin. We suggest that hydro-fracturing was the dominant mechanism responsible for generating more crevasses each year, which facilitated the development of an efficient englacial drainage system. This fed increasing quantities of water to the bed, where it was stored in subglacial cavities and transferred through a distributed (\u2018slow') drainage system. However, despite this increase in subglacial water content, ice velocities remained constant during the break-up. Comparisons are made between the processes observed at Briksdalsbreen and those associated with the acceleration and rapid retreat of Greenland's tidewater glaciers.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492010-024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]],"date-time":"2011-04-27T16:05:23Z","timestamp":1303920323000},"page":"673-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessing the catastrophic break-up of Briksdalsbreen, Norway, associated with rapid climate change"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Jane K.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Kathryn C.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Present address: British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Richard I.","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Vaughan-Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000016336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00291957108551908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/JEEG12.1.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309788816669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.3390080105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7823-3_7","volume-title":"Glacier Fluctuations and Climate Change","author":"Bogen J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bogen J., Wold B., Ostrem G. , Oerlemans J. Historic glacier variations in Scandinavia Glacier Fluctuations and Climate Change 1989 Dordrecht Reidel 109 128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139644181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB09p09059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/002214308786570854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288306.1996.9514723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0435-3676.2005.00249.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756501781832377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S002214300000201X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1989.tb02221.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duck R.W. McManus J. Short-term bathymetric changes in an ice-contact proglacial lake 1985 Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift http:\/\/www.informaworld.com\/smpp\/title\u223cdb=all\u223ccontent=t713735796\u223ctab=issueslist\u223cbranches=39 - v3939 39\u201345.","DOI":"10.1080\/00291958508552137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756402781817509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Glaciological Investigations in Norway in 2000","author":"Elveh\u00f8y H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elveh\u00f8y H. , Kjollmoen B. Briksdalsbreen Glaciological Investigations in Norway in 2000 2001 2 NVE Report 26 30"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022143000001854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"97RG03579","article-title":"Water flow through temperate glaciers","volume":"36","author":"Fountain A.G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fountain A.G., Walder J.S. Water flow through temperate glaciers Reviews of Geophyics 1998 36 97RG03579","journal-title":"Reviews of Geophyics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12\/13<1755::AID-HYP854>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500007679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756500781833467"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203402863_chapter_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2005.00758.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756506781828575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1993)105<0537:EOTIDS>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000032056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000005566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.269.5224.676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00258-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB09p09083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91JB00946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756501781831972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","volume-title":"Glaciological Investigations in Norway in 2006","author":"Kj\u00f8llmoen B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kj\u00f8llmoen B. Glaciological Investigations in Norway in 2006 2007 1 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309790152366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Storbreen glacier in Jotunheimen, Norway","volume":"143","author":"Liest\u00f8l O.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Liest\u00f8l O. Storbreen glacier in Jotunheimen, Norway Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 1967 143 1 63","journal-title":"Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756403781816464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S002214300003149X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-8914(65)90045-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2000.tb00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000016038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756503781830467"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683605hl779rp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"The application of ground-penetrating radar to the study of glacial hydrology. GPR \u201898: Seventh International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar","author":"Moorman B.J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moorman B.J., Michel F.A. The application of ground-penetrating radar to the study of glacial hydrology. GPR \u201898: Seventh International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar 1998 27\u201330 May 1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2645::AID-HYP84>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(02)00138-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500012040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756500781833188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683603hl603fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(91)90032-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1417(200009)15:6<587::AID-JQS533>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NGEO394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9837(199809)23:9<825::AID-ESP893>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"The distribution of stress and velocity in glaciers and ice sheets","volume":"239","author":"Nye J.F.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Nye J.F. The distribution of stress and velocity in glaciers and ice sheets Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 1957 239 113 133","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000018670"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756403781815627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756405781813537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JF000110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/002214308784886117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets","volume":"315","author":"Pritchard H.D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pritchard H.D., Arthern R.J., Vaughan D.G., Edwards L.A. Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets Nature 2009 315 1559 1561","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","first-page":"1904","volume-title":"Fra Jostedalsbr\u00e6en","author":"Rekstad J.","year":"1904","unstructured":"Rekstad J. Fra Jostedalsbr\u00e6en 1904 Bergens Museums Aarbog 1904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3885.2008.00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000032263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000006419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL01973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007. The Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Solomon S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Solomon S., Qin D. , et al. Climate Change 2007. The Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Cambridge Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Further catastrophic break-up of a calving glacier: observations at Austerdalsisen, Svartisen, Norway, 1983\u201387","volume":"71","author":"Theakstone W.H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Theakstone W.H. Further catastrophic break-up of a calving glacier: observations at Austerdalsisen, Svartisen, Norway, 1983\u201387 Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography 1989 71 245 253","journal-title":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A, Physical Geography"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756504781830321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(99)00031-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000003750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0435-3676.1999.00046.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Glaziale Dynamik in Westnorwegen\u2014Ablauf und Ursachen des aktuellen Gletschervorsto\u00dfes am Jostedalsbreen","volume":"141","author":"Winkler S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Winkler S., Haakensen N., Nesje A., Rye N. Glaziale Dynamik in Westnorwegen\u2014Ablauf und Ursachen des aktuellen Gletschervorsto\u00dfes am Jostedalsbreen Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1997 141 43 63","journal-title":"Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683608101390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","volume-title":"Seismic Data Processing","author":"Yilmaz O.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yilmaz O. Seismic Data Processing 1987 Tulsa, OK Society of Exploration Geophysics Press"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072708"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Geological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/0016-76492010-024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T10:44:04Z","timestamp":1721731444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/0016-76492010-024"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/geoscienceworld.org\/jgs\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/0016-76492010-024","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/0016-76492010-024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/0016-76492010-024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-7649","2041-479X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0016-7649"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2041-479X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]}}}