{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:32:23Z","timestamp":1758709943612},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["QJEGH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chalk unsaturated zone is crucial in controlling the delivery of nitrate to Chalk streams and groundwater abstraction wells. In this paper, results from a dual-permeability numerical model of the Chalk unsaturated zone are used to illustrate the relative roles of matrix and fracture flow. A major challenge arises in representing the Chalk unsaturated zone within catchment-scale models for nutrient management. These have generally been based on simple conceptual reservoirs or compartments to represent soils and groundwater. A more appropriate conceptualization has recently been developed and applied to the Lambourn catchment within a catchment-scale nutrient model (INCA-Chalk). Preliminary results from this work are discussed, which clearly illustrate the decadal time scales that need to be considered in the context of nutrient management and the Water Framework Directive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]],"date-time":"2007-11-02T21:03:30Z","timestamp":1194037410000},"page":"353-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent advances in modelling nitrate transport in the Chalk unsaturated zone"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"S.A.","family":"Mathias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]},{"given":"A.P.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Ireson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]},{"given":"B.M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]},{"given":"H.S.","family":"Wheater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK()"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.01.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(94)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00231.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Downing R.A. Groundwater: our Hidden Asset. 1998. British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(75)90045-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820050010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Grindley J. The Calculation of Actual Evaporation and Soil Moisture Deficit over Specified Catchment Areas. Hydrological Memorandum 38 1969."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"42","volume":"83","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hayes, C.R., Greene, L.A., The evaluation of eutrophication impact in public water supply reservoirs in East Anglia. Water Pollution Control, 83 1984. 42\u201351.","journal-title":"Water Pollution Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"107","volume":"26","year":"1972","unstructured":"Headworth, H.G.The analysis of natural groundwater fluctuations in the chalk of Hampshire. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineering, 26 1972. 107\u2013124.","journal-title":"Journal of the Institution of Water Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"Heathwaite A.L. Burt T.P. Trudgill S.T. Overview\u2014the Nitrate Issue. In: Burt T.P. Heathwaite A.L. & Trudgill S.T. (eds) Nitrate: Processes Patterns and Management. 1993. 3\u201322 Wiley Chichester."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1984.tb00256.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360040406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Houghton J.T. Ding Y. Griggs D.J. et al. (eds) Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. 2001 2001. Cambridge University Press Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson B.M. Wheater H.S. Wade A.J. et al. 2007. Catchment-scale modelling of flow and nutrient transport in the Chalk unsaturated zone. Ecological Modelling 10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"Mathias S.A. 2005. Modelling flow and transport in the Chalk unsaturated zone . PhD thesis Imperial College London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"Nakicenovic N. & Swart R. 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios . Available from Cambridge University Press Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","first-page":"297","volume":"6","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neal, C. (ed.)Assessing nitrogen dynamics in catchments across Europe within an INCA modelling framework. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6 2002. 297\u2013615.","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(81)90132-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820050009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price M. Downing R.A. Edmunds W.M. The Chalk as an aquifer. In: Downing R.A. Prince M. & Jones G.P. (eds) The Hydrogeology of the Chalk of North-West Europe. 1993. 35\u201358 Clarendon Press Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198542858.003.0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(00)00222-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","unstructured":"Smith D.B. Wearn P.L. Richards H.J. Rowe P.C. Water movement in the unsaturated zone of high and low permeability strata using natural tritium. In: Isotope Hydrology. 1970. 73\u201387 International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(84)90166-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"547","volume":"210","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whitehead, P.G., Wilson, E.J., Butterfield, D., A semi-distributed Integrated Nitrogen model for multiple source assessment in Catchments (INCA): Part I\u2014model structure and process equations. Science of the Total Environment, 210\/211 1998. 547\u2013558.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.04.033"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T09:40:12Z","timestamp":1721727612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/geoscienceworld.org\/qjegh\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-9236","2041-4803"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1470-9236"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2041-4803"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}}}