{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:38:02Z","timestamp":1772116682955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GEEA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            One geoscience application of portable XRF (pXRF) technology is acquiring \u2018whole-rock\u2019 analyses of unmineralized or weakly mineralized rock cores for major oxides and trace elements, to fill the gaps between traditional laboratory analyses and\/or obtain geochemical data more quickly. But the question of whether the samples actually need to be crushed and pulverized before analysis to produce useful results has not been extensively studied. In this paper pXRF data quality is compared on unprepared rock cores and on powders in three ways: instrumental precision (relative standard deviation [RSD] of a series of measurements on the same spot), sample precision (for unprepared samples, RSD of a series of measurements on different spots on the core), and accuracy (average pXRF value versus laboratory geochemistry). Two Olympus Innov-X Delta Premium pXRF devices were tested on 27 core samples of dense, non-mineralized, fine- to medium-grained, Precambrian volcanic and intrusive rocks from Canada. In general, sample preparation does not improve instrumental precision or accuracy. The significant advantage of powders is to avoid mineralogical heterogeneity. However, sample precision for\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            data is improved by averaging multiple measurements of different points on the sample: a significant gain is obtained between three and seven measurements. The sample precisions at 25 points \u2013 which is about the most measurements one can make during the same amount of time used for powdering a rock core sample \u2013 are better than the instrumental precision on powders for most elements. For high spatial resolution down-hole element profiles on entire drill-holes,\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            pXRF measurements with smoothing (e.g. 3\u20135 point moving averages) provide fit-for-purpose data; the alternative of turning the entire drill-core into powder is not realistic.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2014-326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T02:18:41Z","timestamp":1445912321000},"page":"147-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Portable X-ray fluorescence measurements on exploration drill-cores: comparing performance on unprepared cores and powders for \u2018whole-rock\u2019 analysis"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.-S.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-008-0358-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arne D.C. Mackie R.A. & Jones S.A. 2014. The use of property-scale portable X-ray fluorescence data in gold exploration: Advantages and limitations. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 233\u2013244 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2013-233","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2013-233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"199","author":"Fajber R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fajber, R. & Simandl, G.J. 2011. Evaluation of Rare Earth Element-Enriched Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Instruments. British Columbia Geological Survey, Geological Fieldwork: A Summary of Field Activities and Current Research 2011, Paper 2012-1, 199\u2013210.","journal-title":"Evaluation of Rare Earth Element-Enriched Sedimentary Phosphate Deposits Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Instruments"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher L.A. Gazley M.F. Baensch A. Barnes S.J. Cleverley J. & Duclaux G. 2014. Resolution of geochemical and lithostratigraphic complexity: A workflow for application of portable X-ray fluorescence to mineral exploration. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 149\u2013159 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2012-158","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2012-158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration","author":"Glanzman R.K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glanzman, R.K. & Closs, L.G. 2007. Field portable X-Ray fluorescence geochemical analysis \u2013 Its contribution to onsite real-time project evaluation. In: Milkereit, B. (ed.) Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, Toronto, Canada, 9\u201311 September 2007, 291\u2013301."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"112","volume":"10","author":"Hall G.E.M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall, G.E.M., Buchar, A. & Bonham-Carter, G. 2013a. Quality Control Assessment of Portable XRF Analysers: Development of Standard Operating Procedures, Performance on Variable Media and Recommended Uses; Phase I. CAMIRO Project 10E01, 112.","journal-title":"Quality Control Assessment of Portable XRF Analysers: Development of Standard Operating Procedures, Performance on Variable Media and Recommended Uses; Phase I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"218","volume":"10","author":"Hall G.E.M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall, G.E.M., Page, L. & Bonham-Carter, G.F. 2013b. Quality Control Assessment of Portable XRF Analysers: Development of Standard Operating Procedures, Performance on Variable Media and Recommended Uses; Phase II. CAMIRO Project 10E01, 218.","journal-title":"Quality Control Assessment of Portable XRF Analysers: Development of Standard Operating Procedures, Performance on Variable Media and Recommended Uses; Phase II"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall G.E.M. Bonham-Carter G.F. & Buchar A. 2014. Evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) in exploration and mining: Phase 1 control reference materials. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 99\u2013123 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2013-241","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2013-241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","author":"Innov-X Systems Inc","year":"2010","unstructured":"Innov-X Systems Inc. 2010. User Manual Delta\u2122 Family: Handheld XRF Analysers. Document PN_103201.","journal-title":"User Manual Delta\u2122 Family: Handheld XRF Analysers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118521014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Vaillant M. Barnes S.J. Fisher L.A. Fiorentini M.L. & Caruso S. 2014. Use and calibration of portable X-ray fluorescence analysers: Application to lithogeochemical exploration for komatiite-hosted nickel sulpide deposits. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 199\u2013209 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2012-166","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2012-166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"2405","article-title":"Real-time mineralogy, lithology, and chemostratigraphy while drilling using portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence","volume":"2011","author":"Marsala A.F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsala, A.F., Loermans, T., Shen, S., Scheibe, C. & Zereitk, R. 2011. Real-time mineralogy, lithology, and chemostratigraphy while drilling using portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Society of Petroleum Engineers \u2212 73rd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition, 2011, 2405\u20132411.","journal-title":"Society of Petroleum Engineers \u2212 73rd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/econgeo.109.1.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Mineral Exploration","author":"Moon C.J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moon, C.J., Whateley, M.K.G. & Evans, A.M. 2006. Introduction to Mineral Exploration. 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2009.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Application of field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers in mineral exploration, with examples from the Abitibi Greenstone Belt","volume":"1","author":"Peter J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peter, J., Mercier-Langevin, P. & Chapman, J.B. 2009. Application of field-portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers in mineral exploration, with examples from the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Proceedings of the 24th International Applied Geochemistry Symposium, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1, 83\u201386.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Applied Geochemistry Symposium, Fredericton, New Brunswick"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piercey S.J. & Devine M.C. 2014. Analysis of powdered reference materials and known samples with a benchtop field portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer: Evaluation of performance and potential applications for exploration lithogeochemistry. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 139\u2013148 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2013-199","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2013-199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/an9871200377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/econgeo.109.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Baie D\u2019Alembert showing, an example of base-metal mineralization in mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks of the Blake River Group, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Quebec","volume":"6","author":"Ross P.-S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ross, P.-S. 2010. The Baie D\u2019Alembert showing, an example of base-metal mineralization in mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks of the Blake River Group, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, 6, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","volume":"66441","author":"Ross P.-S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ross, P.-S., Bourke, A., Fresia, B. & Debreil, J.-A. 2012. Analyse multiparam\u00e9trique \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution de carottes de forage dans la r\u00e9gion de Matagami 2010\u20132012, Rapport final. Minist\u00e8re des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune (Qu\u00e9bec), Report GM 66441.","journal-title":"Analyse multiparam\u00e9trique \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution de carottes de forage dans la r\u00e9gion de Matagami 2010\u20132012, Rapport final"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross P.-S. Bourke A. & Fresia B. 2014 a . Improving lithological discrimination in exploration drill-cores using portable X-ray fluorescence measurements: (1) testing three Olympus Innov-X analysers on unprepared cores. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 171\u2013185 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2012-163","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2012-163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross P.-S. Bourke A. & Fresia B. 2014 b . Improving lithological discrimination in exploration drill-cores using portable X-ray fluorescence measurements: (2) applications to the Zn-Cu Matagami mining camp Canada. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 187\u2013196 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2012-164","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2012-164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","first-page":"128","volume":"2014","author":"Ross P.-S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ross, P.-S., Bourke, A., Leclerc, F. & Boulerice, A. 2014c. Analyse multiparam\u00e9trique \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution de carottes de forage dans la r\u00e9gion de Chibougamau 2012\u20132014, rapport final. Minist\u00e8re des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune (Qu\u00e9bec), Report MB 2014-05, 128.","journal-title":"Analyse multiparam\u00e9trique \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution de carottes de forage dans la r\u00e9gion de Chibougamau 2012\u20132014, rapport final"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6886-9","volume-title":"X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology","author":"Shackley M.S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shackley, M.S. 2011. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology. Springer eBook, USA, 231."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simandl G.J. Fajber R. & Paradis S. 2014. Portable X-ray fluorescence in the assessment of rare earth element-enriched sedimentary deposits. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 14 161\u2013169 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2012-180","DOI":"10.1144\/geochem2012-180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00079-8"}],"container-title":["Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1144\/geochem2014-326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T02:44:54Z","timestamp":1721789094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/doi\/10.1144\/geochem2014-326"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/geoscienceworld.org\/geea\/article-lookup?doi=10.1144\/geochem2014-326","label":"geoscienceworld"}]},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1144\/geochem2014-326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/geochem2014-326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-7873","2041-4943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-7873","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-4943","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]}}}