{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:17:47Z","timestamp":1764937067056,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554681600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-002"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012627","name":"NASA Astrobiology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNA04CC09A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA04CC09A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program","award":["NNX08AO16G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX08AO16G"]}]},{"name":"ASA Early Career Fellowship Program","award":["NNX12AG14G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX12AG14G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JGS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Metamorphism is thought to destroy microfossils, partly through devolatilization and graphitization of biogenic organic matter. However, the extent to which there is a loss of molecular, elemental and isotope signatures from biomass during high-temperature metamorphism is not clearly established. We report on graphitic structures inside and coating apatite grains from the\n            <jats:italic>c.<\/jats:italic>\n            1850 Ma Michigamme silicate banded iron formation from Michigan, metamorphosed above 550\u00b0C. Traces of N, S, O, H, Ca and Fe are preserved in this graphitic carbon and X-ray spectra show traces of aliphatic groups. Graphitic carbon has an expanded lattice around 3.6 \u00c5, forms microscopic concentrically-layered and radiating polygonal flakes and has homogeneous \u03b4\n            <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n            C values around \u221222\u2030, identical to bulk analyses. Graphitic carbon inside apatite is associated with nanometre-size ammoniated phyllosilicate. Precursors of these metamorphic minerals and graphitic carbon originated from ferruginous clay-rich sediments with biomass. We conclude that graphite coatings and inclusions in apatite grains indicate fluid remobilization during amphibolite-facies metamorphism of precursor biomass. This new evidence fills in observational gaps of metamorphosed biomass into graphite and supports the existence of biosignatures in the highly metamorphosed iron formation from the Eoarchean Akilia Association, which dates from the beginning of the sedimentary rock record.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p content-type=\"supplementary-material\">\n            <jats:bold>Supplementary material:<\/jats:bold>\n            Figures illustrating the petrography and analytical results are available at:\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" specific-use=\"dataset is-supplemented-by\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.4430609\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.4430609<\/jats:ext-link>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2018-097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T04:15:20Z","timestamp":1554783320000},"page":"651-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fossil biomass preserved as graphitic carbon in a late Paleoproterozoic banded iron formation metamorphosed at more than 550\u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-7514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Papineau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17\u201319 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH UK"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BS UK"},{"name":"Centre for Planetary Sciences, UCL-Birkbeck, London, WC1E 6BT UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley T.","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5320, USA"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17\u201319 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH UK"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Thorogate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17\u201319 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH UK"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5292-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Nittler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Kilcoyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"given":"Hubertus","family":"Marbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Nanolithography Group, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2013N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, 91058 Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Drost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Nanolithography Group, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2013N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, 91058 Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17\u201319 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH UK"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.11.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","article-title":"Molecular preservation of 1.88","volume":"7","author":"All\u00e9on J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"All\u00e9on, J., Bernard, S. et al. 2016. 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