{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:32:44Z","timestamp":1774384364806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":349,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JGS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The geological timescale before 720\u2005Ma uses rounded absolute ages rather than specific events recorded in rocks to subdivide time. This has led increasingly to mismatches between subdivisions and the features for which they were named. Here we review the formal processes that led to the current timescale, outline rock-based concepts that could be used to subdivide pre-Cryogenian time and propose revisions. An appraisal of the Precambrian rock record confirms that purely chronostratigraphic subdivision would require only modest deviation from current chronometric boundaries, removal of which could be expedited by establishing event-based concepts and provisional, approximate ages for eon-, era- and period-level subdivisions. Our review leads to the following conclusions: (1) the current informal four-fold Archean subdivision should be simplified to a tripartite scheme, pending more detailed analysis, and (2) an improved rock-based Proterozoic Eon might comprise a Paleoproterozoic Era with three periods (\n            <jats:italic>early Paleoproterozoic<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>Skourian<\/jats:italic>\n            , Rhyacian, Orosirian), Mesoproterozoic Era with four periods (Statherian, Calymmian, Ectasian, Stenian) and a Neoproterozoic Era with four periods (pre-Tonian or\n            <jats:italic>Kleisian<\/jats:italic>\n            , Tonian, Cryogenian and Ediacaran). These proposals stem from a wide community and could be used to guide future development of the pre-Cryogenian timescale by international bodies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2020-222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T15:00:46Z","timestamp":1623423646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7828-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham A.","family":"Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Robin A.","family":"Strachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susannah M.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Galen P.","family":"Halverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}]},{"given":"Francis A.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Plumb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoscience Australia (retired), Canberra, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"de Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4951-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhiraj M.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Bleeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Brasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}]},{"given":"Partha P.","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan S.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent","family":"Condie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Albuquerque, NM USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2372-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaushik","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary System Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A. 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