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In contrast with palaeoscolecids\n            <jats:italic>sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n            , which exhibit tessellating microplate trunk ornamentation, cricocosmiids have larger, serially repeated sets of trunk sclerites bearing a resemblance to lobopodian trunk sclerites (e.g.\n            <jats:italic>Microdictyon<\/jats:italic>\n            spp.). Cricocosmiidae have therefore been proposed as stem-group Panarthropoda in some studies, but are recovered as stem-group Priapulida in most phylogenetic analyses. The affinity of cricocosmiids within Ecdysozoa is therefore of much interest, as is testing the homology of these seriated structures. We report four new specimens of the rare cricocosmiid\n            <jats:italic>Tabelliscolex hexagonus<\/jats:italic>\n            , yielding new details of the ventral trunk projections, sclerites and proboscis. New data confirm that\n            <jats:italic>T. hexagonus<\/jats:italic>\n            had paired ventral trunk projections in a consistent seriated pattern, which is also reported from new material of\n            <jats:italic>Cricocosmia jinningensis<\/jats:italic>\n            (Cricocosmiidae) and\n            <jats:italic>Mafangscolex yunnanensis<\/jats:italic>\n            (Palaeoscolecida\n            <jats:italic>sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Even when the seriated sclerites and ventral projections of cricocosmiids are coded as homologous with the seriated trunk sclerites and paired appendages, respectively, of lobopodian panarthropods, our tree searches indicate they are convergent. Cricocosmiidae is nested within a monophyletic \u2018Palaeoscolecida\n            <jats:italic>sensu lato<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2019 clade (Palaeoscolecidomorpha nov.) in stem-group Priapulida. Our study indicates that morphological seriation has independent origins in Scalidophora and Panarthropoda.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p content-type=\"supplementary-material\">\n            <jats:bold>Supplementary material:<\/jats:bold>\n            Phylogenetic character list and matrix are available at\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" specific-use=\"dataset is-supplemented-by\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.5551565\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.5551565<\/jats:ext-link>\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p content-type=\"thematic-collection\">\n            <jats:bold>Thematic collection:<\/jats:bold>\n            This article is part of the Advances in the Cambrian Explosion collection available at:\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/cc\/advances-cambrian-explosion\">https:\/\/www.lyellcollection.org\/cc\/advances-cambrian-explosion<\/jats:ext-link>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2021-060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T15:00:19Z","timestamp":1628780419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Tabelliscolex<\/i>\n            (Cricocosmiidae: Palaeoscolecidomorpha) from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota and the evolution of seriation in Ecdysozoa"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Truro TR10 9TA, UK"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Edgecombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianguang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China"},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Truro TR10 9TA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387489a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11035890701292071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022336000037045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756817000656"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0044-5231-00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142X.2001.01041.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Budd G.E. 2003. 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