none 10.1144/jgs2021-060 Geological Society of London Geological Society of London 1881 129383929 44798 2024111903350600590 10.1144 2024-11-19T09:41:38Z 2021-08-12T11:00:19Z 14 Journal of the Geological Society JGS 0016-7649 2041-479X 03 17 2022 03 2022 179 2 Xiaomei Shi Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-4104 Richard J. Howard MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Truro TR10 9TA, UK Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-5696 Gregory D. Edgecombe MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-8011 Xianguang Hou Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China Xiaoya Ma Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650504, China Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Truro TR10 9TA, UK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1172-6611 Cricocosmiidae is a clade of palaeoscolecid-like worms from the Chengjiang Biota, China (Cambrian Stage 3). In contrast with palaeoscolecids sensu stricto , which exhibit tessellating microplate trunk ornamentation, cricocosmiids have larger, serially repeated sets of trunk sclerites bearing a resemblance to lobopodian trunk sclerites (e.g. Microdictyon spp.). Cricocosmiidae have therefore been proposed as stem-group Panarthropoda in some studies, but are recovered as stem-group Priapulida in most phylogenetic analyses. The affinity of cricocosmiids within Ecdysozoa is therefore of much interest, as is testing the homology of these seriated structures. We report four new specimens of the rare cricocosmiid Tabelliscolex hexagonus , yielding new details of the ventral trunk projections, sclerites and proboscis. New data confirm that T. hexagonus had paired ventral trunk projections in a consistent seriated pattern, which is also reported from new material of Cricocosmia jinningensis (Cricocosmiidae) and Mafangscolex yunnanensis (Palaeoscolecida sensu stricto ). Even when the seriated sclerites and ventral projections of cricocosmiids are coded as homologous with the seriated trunk sclerites and paired appendages, respectively, of lobopodian panarthropods, our tree searches indicate they are convergent. Cricocosmiidae is nested within a monophyletic ‘Palaeoscolecida sensu lato ’ clade (Palaeoscolecidomorpha nov.) in stem-group Priapulida. Our study indicates that morphological seriation has independent origins in Scalidophora and Panarthropoda. Supplementary material: Phylogenetic character list and matrix are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5551565 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Advances in the Cambrian Explosion collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/advances-cambrian-explosion 10 06 2021 03 2022 jgs2021-060 10.1144/jgs2021-060 1 10.1144/crossmark-policy www.lyellcollection.org true 2021-05-26 2021-08-02 2021-08-07 2021-10-06 yunnan provincial science and technology department http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008871 2015HA021 yunnan provincial science and technology department http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008871 2015HA029 yunnan provincial science and technology department http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008871 2019DG050 natural environment research council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270 NE/L011751/1 natural environment research council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270 GW4+ DTP http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.1144/jgs2021-060 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/jgs2021-060 https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/pdf/10.1144/jgs2021-060 https://geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-lookup?doi=10.1144/jgs2021-060 10.1038/387489a0 10.1080/11035890701292071 10.1017/S0022336000037045 10.1017/S0016756817000656 10.1078/0044-5231-00034 10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01041.x Budd G.E. 2003. 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