{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:27:47Z","timestamp":1775190467331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Geological Society of London","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECF-2019-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2019-097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wallenberg Foundation","award":["KAW 2022.0330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAW 2022.0330"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.lyellcollection.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JGS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The fossils of the Lebanese Upper Cretaceous Lagerst\u00e4tten, especially the articulated fish, are world renowned. Famous for their soft tissue preservation and highly sought after by fossil collectors, Lebanese fossils provide key information concerning the evolution of several major extant and extinct groups of Mesozoic organisms including cephalopods, crustaceans, hagfish, sharks, marine reptiles and pterosaurs. In fact, fossils from Lebanon are so exceptional that historical documentation describing them extends back to the Roman Empire. However, despite over 1600\u2005years of knowledge of these fossils, a thorough understanding of the depositional environments, taphonomy and palaeoecology of the four main sites, Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura (each Cenomanian in age) and Sahel Aalma (Santonian), is lacking. Here we compile a review of the palaeoenvironments, fauna and flora of these four Lebanese Lagerst\u00e4tten. Our synthesis outlines the history of fossil discovery, and describes the current understanding of the geology, ages, mode of preservation and organisms found at these four sites. We also undertake a bibliometric and holotype analysis to investigate the impact that scientific colonialism has had on Lebanon. Our data confirm that local Lebanese researchers are typically not included in publications pertaining to Lebanese fossils and that the majority of Lebanese type material is stored in large historical collections outside Lebanon, predominantly in institutions within the northern hemisphere. Here, we recommend some basic practices for researchers utilizing historical collections that can help develop local Lebanese fossil collections and establish more research opportunities for local palaeontologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2023-210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T14:47:05Z","timestamp":1714402025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerst\u00e4tten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura and Sahel Aalma"],"prefix":"10.1144","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6700-195X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hady","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, UK"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Library, KTH Royal Institute of Technology KTH Library","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9776-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"El Hossny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue des Mara\u00eechers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Abi Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory of Time","place":["Jbeil, Lebanon"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}]}],"member":"1881","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4275"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Les vert\u00e9br\u00e9s fossiles des gisements de Phosphates (Maroc\u2013Algerie\u2013Tunisie)","volume":"92","author":"Arambourg C.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Arambourg, C. 1952. Les vert\u00e9br\u00e9s fossiles des gisements de Phosphates (Maroc\u2013Algerie\u2013Tunisie). Notes et M\u00e9moires, Service G\u00e9ologique Maroc, 92, 1\u201362.","journal-title":"Notes et M\u00e9moires, Service G\u00e9ologique Maroc"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Sur la pr\u00e9sence d'un pt\u00e9rosaurien gigantesque dans les phosphates de Jordanie","volume":"283","author":"Arambourg C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Arambourg, C. 1954. Sur la pr\u00e9sence d'un pt\u00e9rosaurien gigantesque dans les phosphates de Jordanie. Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, 283, 133\u2013134.","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"The crest-bearing shrimps from the Sahel Alma Lagerst\u00e4tte (Late Cretaceous, Lebanon)","volume":"58","author":"Audo D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Audo, D. and Charbonnier, S. 2013. The crest-bearing shrimps from the Sahel Alma Lagerst\u00e4tte (Late Cretaceous, Lebanon). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58, 335\u2013349, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4202\/app.2011.0056","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2023.105501"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2018.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03043659"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-6667(81)90093-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6995(03)00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-019-1629-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Paleodiversity of the Free-living Polychaetes (Annelida, Polychaeta) and Description of New Taxa from the Upper Cretaceous Lagerst\u00e4tten of Haqel, Hadjula and Al-Namoura (Lebanon)","volume":"32","author":"Bracchi G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bracchi, G. and Alessandrello, A. 2005. 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The Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Konservat-Lagerst\u00e4tte of en Nammo\u00fbra (Kesrou\u00e2ne Province), northern Lebanon. Bollettino della Societ\u00e0 Paleontologica Italiana, 41, 51\u201368.","journal-title":"Bollettino della Societ\u00e0 Paleontologica Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Aphanizocnemus libanensis n. gen. n. sp., a new dolichosaur (Reptilia, Varanoidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon","volume":"7","author":"Dal Sasso C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dal Sasso, C. and Pinna, G. 1997. Aphanizocnemus libanensis n. gen. n. sp., a new dolichosaur (Reptilia, Varanoidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. 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